CAADC STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Macropsia" as:
The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are.
The misinterpretation of a real external stimulus.
A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of people,
or of unformed images, such as flashes of light.
Interpretation that things are smaller in proportion to the background landscape. -
✔✔The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are.
In the DSM-5, the term "Macropsia" is defined as: The visual perception that objects are
larger than they actually are. Macropsis is different from micropsia, which the DSM-5
defines as the visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are.
Macropsia is a diagnostic criteria under substance use disorders, like Hallucinogen
Persisting Perception Disorder.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Mood" as:
An exaggerated feeling of well-being, euphoria, or elation. A person experiencing mood
may describe feeling "high," "ecstatic," "on top of the world", or "up in the clouds".
An unpleasant emotion, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.
A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world.
A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is
often accompanied by physiological changes. - ✔✔A pervasive and sustained emotion
that colors the perception of the world.
In the DSM-5, "Mood" is defined as: A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the
perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger,
and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional
"weather", mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional "climate". Types of
mood include dysphoric, elevated, euthymic, expansive, and irritable.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Parasomnias" as:
Disorders involving the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring
during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.
Undesired daytime sleep episodes caused by excessive sleepiness.
Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia. -
✔✔Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or
hypersomnia.
The DSM-5 defines "Parasomnias" as: Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors
or physiological events occurring during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. Parasomnias
are different from dyssomnias, which the DSM-5 defines as primary disorders of sleep
,or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting
symptom. Dyssomnias are disorders of the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
✔✔Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring
during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. - ✔✔Parasomnias
✔✔DSM-5 defines as primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by
insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting symptom. Disorders of the amount,
quality, or timing of sleep - ✔✔Dyssomnias
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Auditory Hallucination" as:
A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice.
A sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but
that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ.
A hallucination when one may continue to speak even though no one is listening.
A misperception of a real external stimulus, such as hearing the rustling of leaves as
the sound of voices. - ✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Auditory Hallucination" as: A
hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice.
✔✔In general, consist of perception-like experiences with the clarity and impact of a
true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. One
person may recognize the false sensory experience, whereas another may be
convinced that the experience is grounded in reality. Are further categorized as:
auditory, geometric, visual, gustatory, mood-congruent, mood-incongruent, olfactory,
somatic, tactile, and visual. - ✔✔Hallucinations
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Olfactory Hallucination" as:
An imagined perception that people are conspiring to steal one's nose (or other sensory
body part).
An imagined perception where one envisions people having multiple noses or lacking
one altogether.
An imagined perception involving the sensation of electric shocks.
An imagined perception involving odor, such as burning rubber or decaying fish. -
✔✔An imagined perception involving odor, such as burning rubber or decaying fish.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Echolalia" as:
The pathological, parrot-like, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a word or
phrase just spoken by another person.
A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic.
Repetition by imitation of the movements of another. The action is not a willed or
voluntary one and has a semiautomatic and uncontrollable quality.
Discordance between affective expression and the content of speech or ideation. -
✔✔The pathological, parrot-like, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a
word or phrase just spoken by another person.
, Echolalia falls under Criterion B - restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or
activities required to diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder. Echolalia is also one of the
behaviors that characterizes complex vocal tics necessary in the diagnosis of Tourette's
Disorder and Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Hypervigilance" as:
An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of
behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats.
A state of unresponsiveness with immobility and mutism.
An increased auditory perception.
The condition of maintaining an abnormally low awareness of environmental stimuli. -
✔✔An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity
of behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats. Also accompanied by a state of
increased anxiety which can cause exhaustion. Other symptoms include abnormally
increased arousal, a high responsiveness to stimuli, and a continual scanning of the
environment for threats. In hypervigilance, there is a perpetual scanning of the
environment to search for sights, sounds, people, behaviors, smells, or anything else
that is reminiscent of threat or trauma. The individual is placed on high alert in order to
be certain danger is not near. Hypervigilance can lead to a variety of obsessive
behavior patterns, as well as producing difficulties with social interaction and
relationships.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Expansive Mood" as:
An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.
Mood in the "normal" range, which implies the absence of depressed or elevated mood.
An exaggerated feeling of well-being or elation.
Lack of restraint in expressing one's feelings, frequently with an overvaluation of one's
significance or importance. - ✔✔Lack of restraint in expressing one's feelings, frequently
with an overvaluation of one's significance or importance.
Mood is further defined as a pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception
of the world. Examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety whereas
types of mood include dysphoric, elevated, euthymic, expansive, and irritable.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Micropsia" as:
The visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are.
The interpretation that objects are larger than they appear to be.
A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of people,
or of unformed images, such as flashes of light.
The misinterpretation of a real external stimulus. - ✔✔The visual perception that
objects are smaller than they actually are.
Micropsia is a diagnostic criteria under substance use disorders, like Hallucinogen
Persisting Perception Disorder.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Tic" as:
, Stereotyped or repetitive/rhythmic motor movements, use of objects, or speech.
Repetitive, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior.
The manifestation of impaired skills requiring motor coordination.
An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.
- ✔✔An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or
vocalization.
Tics are often associated under neurodevelopmental motor disorders that include
Developmental Coordination Disorder, Stereotypic Movement Disorder, Tourette's
Disorder, Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder, and Provisional Tic Disorder.
The duration, presumed etiology, and clinical presentation define the specific tic
disorder that is diagnosed;
✔✔Diagnostic Criterion A states that "Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics
have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily
concurrently." - ✔✔Tourette's Disorder
✔✔Criterion A states that "Single or multiple motor OR vocal tics have been present
during the illness, but NOT BOTH motor and vocal." - ✔✔Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic
Disorder
✔✔Criterion A states that there should be a "single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics." -
✔✔Provisional Tic Disorder
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Irritable Mood" as:
A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world.
An unpleasant mood, such as anxiety, or irritability.
Mood with the absence of depressed or elevated affect.
Easily annoyed and provoked to anger. - ✔✔Easily annoyed and provoked to anger.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Late Insomnia" as:
Awakening in the middle of the night followed by eventual return to sleep, but with
difficulty.
Difficulty in falling asleep.
Early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep.
A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. -
✔✔Early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep.
✔✔In general, refers to a subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or
poor sleep quality. Different manifestations of insomnia can occur at different times of
the sleep period; these are: Initial insomnia/Sleep-onset insomnia; Sleep maintenance
insomnia/Middle insomnia); and Late insomnia. Difficulty maintaining sleep is the most
common single symptom of insomnia, followed by difficulty falling asleep, while a
combination of these symptoms is the most common presentation overall. -
✔✔INSOMNIA
QUESTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Macropsia" as:
The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are.
The misinterpretation of a real external stimulus.
A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of people,
or of unformed images, such as flashes of light.
Interpretation that things are smaller in proportion to the background landscape. -
✔✔The visual perception that objects are larger than they actually are.
In the DSM-5, the term "Macropsia" is defined as: The visual perception that objects are
larger than they actually are. Macropsis is different from micropsia, which the DSM-5
defines as the visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are.
Macropsia is a diagnostic criteria under substance use disorders, like Hallucinogen
Persisting Perception Disorder.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Mood" as:
An exaggerated feeling of well-being, euphoria, or elation. A person experiencing mood
may describe feeling "high," "ecstatic," "on top of the world", or "up in the clouds".
An unpleasant emotion, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.
A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world.
A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is
often accompanied by physiological changes. - ✔✔A pervasive and sustained emotion
that colors the perception of the world.
In the DSM-5, "Mood" is defined as: A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the
perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger,
and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional
"weather", mood refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional "climate". Types of
mood include dysphoric, elevated, euthymic, expansive, and irritable.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Parasomnias" as:
Disorders involving the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring
during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.
Undesired daytime sleep episodes caused by excessive sleepiness.
Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia. -
✔✔Primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or
hypersomnia.
The DSM-5 defines "Parasomnias" as: Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors
or physiological events occurring during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. Parasomnias
are different from dyssomnias, which the DSM-5 defines as primary disorders of sleep
,or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting
symptom. Dyssomnias are disorders of the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
✔✔Disorders of sleep involving abnormal behaviors or physiological events occurring
during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. - ✔✔Parasomnias
✔✔DSM-5 defines as primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by
insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting symptom. Disorders of the amount,
quality, or timing of sleep - ✔✔Dyssomnias
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Auditory Hallucination" as:
A hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice.
A sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but
that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ.
A hallucination when one may continue to speak even though no one is listening.
A misperception of a real external stimulus, such as hearing the rustling of leaves as
the sound of voices. - ✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Auditory Hallucination" as: A
hallucination involving the perception of sound, most commonly of voice.
✔✔In general, consist of perception-like experiences with the clarity and impact of a
true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. One
person may recognize the false sensory experience, whereas another may be
convinced that the experience is grounded in reality. Are further categorized as:
auditory, geometric, visual, gustatory, mood-congruent, mood-incongruent, olfactory,
somatic, tactile, and visual. - ✔✔Hallucinations
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Olfactory Hallucination" as:
An imagined perception that people are conspiring to steal one's nose (or other sensory
body part).
An imagined perception where one envisions people having multiple noses or lacking
one altogether.
An imagined perception involving the sensation of electric shocks.
An imagined perception involving odor, such as burning rubber or decaying fish. -
✔✔An imagined perception involving odor, such as burning rubber or decaying fish.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Echolalia" as:
The pathological, parrot-like, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a word or
phrase just spoken by another person.
A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic.
Repetition by imitation of the movements of another. The action is not a willed or
voluntary one and has a semiautomatic and uncontrollable quality.
Discordance between affective expression and the content of speech or ideation. -
✔✔The pathological, parrot-like, and apparently senseless repetition (echoing) of a
word or phrase just spoken by another person.
, Echolalia falls under Criterion B - restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or
activities required to diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder. Echolalia is also one of the
behaviors that characterizes complex vocal tics necessary in the diagnosis of Tourette's
Disorder and Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Hypervigilance" as:
An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of
behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats.
A state of unresponsiveness with immobility and mutism.
An increased auditory perception.
The condition of maintaining an abnormally low awareness of environmental stimuli. -
✔✔An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity
of behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats. Also accompanied by a state of
increased anxiety which can cause exhaustion. Other symptoms include abnormally
increased arousal, a high responsiveness to stimuli, and a continual scanning of the
environment for threats. In hypervigilance, there is a perpetual scanning of the
environment to search for sights, sounds, people, behaviors, smells, or anything else
that is reminiscent of threat or trauma. The individual is placed on high alert in order to
be certain danger is not near. Hypervigilance can lead to a variety of obsessive
behavior patterns, as well as producing difficulties with social interaction and
relationships.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Expansive Mood" as:
An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability.
Mood in the "normal" range, which implies the absence of depressed or elevated mood.
An exaggerated feeling of well-being or elation.
Lack of restraint in expressing one's feelings, frequently with an overvaluation of one's
significance or importance. - ✔✔Lack of restraint in expressing one's feelings, frequently
with an overvaluation of one's significance or importance.
Mood is further defined as a pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception
of the world. Examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety whereas
types of mood include dysphoric, elevated, euthymic, expansive, and irritable.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Micropsia" as:
The visual perception that objects are smaller than they actually are.
The interpretation that objects are larger than they appear to be.
A hallucination involving sight, which may consist of formed images, such as of people,
or of unformed images, such as flashes of light.
The misinterpretation of a real external stimulus. - ✔✔The visual perception that
objects are smaller than they actually are.
Micropsia is a diagnostic criteria under substance use disorders, like Hallucinogen
Persisting Perception Disorder.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Tic" as:
, Stereotyped or repetitive/rhythmic motor movements, use of objects, or speech.
Repetitive, seemingly driven, and nonfunctional motor behavior.
The manifestation of impaired skills requiring motor coordination.
An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.
- ✔✔An involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or
vocalization.
Tics are often associated under neurodevelopmental motor disorders that include
Developmental Coordination Disorder, Stereotypic Movement Disorder, Tourette's
Disorder, Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder, and Provisional Tic Disorder.
The duration, presumed etiology, and clinical presentation define the specific tic
disorder that is diagnosed;
✔✔Diagnostic Criterion A states that "Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics
have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily
concurrently." - ✔✔Tourette's Disorder
✔✔Criterion A states that "Single or multiple motor OR vocal tics have been present
during the illness, but NOT BOTH motor and vocal." - ✔✔Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic
Disorder
✔✔Criterion A states that there should be a "single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics." -
✔✔Provisional Tic Disorder
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Irritable Mood" as:
A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world.
An unpleasant mood, such as anxiety, or irritability.
Mood with the absence of depressed or elevated affect.
Easily annoyed and provoked to anger. - ✔✔Easily annoyed and provoked to anger.
✔✔The DSM-5 defines "Late Insomnia" as:
Awakening in the middle of the night followed by eventual return to sleep, but with
difficulty.
Difficulty in falling asleep.
Early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep.
A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. -
✔✔Early-morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep.
✔✔In general, refers to a subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or
poor sleep quality. Different manifestations of insomnia can occur at different times of
the sleep period; these are: Initial insomnia/Sleep-onset insomnia; Sleep maintenance
insomnia/Middle insomnia); and Late insomnia. Difficulty maintaining sleep is the most
common single symptom of insomnia, followed by difficulty falling asleep, while a
combination of these symptoms is the most common presentation overall. -
✔✔INSOMNIA
