Biology 108 Midterm 1 | Actual study |
Questions and verified Answers
Characteristics of life - ANSW-Orderly structure, reproduce, grow and develop, utilize energy,
homeostasis, respond to stimuli, evolve
Viruses alive? - ANSW-No. The only characteristic they display is evolutionary adaptation. Zombies,
neither dead or alive.
Water - ANSW-essential for life, polar molecule, universal solvent (partial positive and negative)
Hydrogen bonding - ANSW-holds DNA together, allows for adhesion and cohesion, reason water has one
of the highest specific heat capacities
carbonic acid - ANSW-a very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. Cause
for ocean acidification because H+ bonds better than Ca2+ in the water so more acid forms causing shells
to thin.
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly
responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? - ANSW-Absorption of heat by breaking
of hydrogen bonds.
Carbon - ANSW-building block of life.
Proteins - ANSW-regulate cell processes and build cell structures. Enzymes, skin, hair
Nucleic Acids - ANSW-carry genetic information. DNA, RNA
Lipids - ANSW-store energy long term and forms boundaries around cells. Fats, oils, phospholipids
Carbohydrates - ANSW-supplies energy for cell processes, short term energy storage. Sugars, starch,
cellulose
Why is Carbon so versatile? - ANSW-it can form single, double, and triple bonds. 4 open electron spots.
Can be branched at multiple different lengths. Arrangement of C changes chemical and physical
properties. Bonds shifted changes properties. Can form rings. Isomers. Can bind to many functional
groups.
Enantiomers - ANSW-isomers that are mirror images of each other. Left and right hands!
Polymerization - ANSW-a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or
polymeric compound
Dehydration - ANSW-removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Hydrolisis - ANSW-the breaking of a bond molecule using water
Synthesis of organic polymers is called hydrolysis, while breakdown into monomers is dehydration -
ANSW-False
Systematics - ANSW-the study and classification of biodiversity
Taxonomy - ANSW-theory and practice of classifying organisms
Linnean Classification System - ANSW-Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Phylogeny - ANSW-Evolutionary history of a species
Homologies - ANSW-phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
phylogenetic tree - ANSW-A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist
among groups of organisms
, sister taxa - ANSW-Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each
other's closest relatives.
monophyletic group - ANSW-group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and
excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor
paraphyletic group - ANSW-A monophyletic group in which some descendants of the common ancestor
have been removed.
polyphyletic group - ANSW-an unnatural group that does not include the most recent common ancestor
Analogy - ANSW-similarity in organisms due to convergent evolution (butterflies and birds both have
wings, but evolved separately).
Homology - ANSW-similarity resulting from common ancestry and divergent evolution.
shared ancestral character - ANSW-a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
shared derived character - ANSW-An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.
parallel evolution - ANSW-Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after
their divergence from a common ancestor. Mirrored evolution.
apomorphy - ANSW-a derived trait unique to a particular group, evolutionary novelty
Synapomorphy - ANSW-a shared derived character that is no longer a novelty
Plesiomorphy - ANSW-ancestral trait
speciation - ANSW-Formation of new species
parsimony - ANSW-the simplest explanation is the best. Required fewest evolutionary events.
outgroup - ANSW-Diverged before the lineage
Ingroup - ANSW-Evolution lineage is of interest
Cladogram vs. Phylogram - ANSW-both are types of phylogenies, cladogram branches have no meaning,
only their order is important. Phylograms have branch lengths that can be proportional to genetic or
time change.
Three living species X,Y,Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A group that consists
of species T,X,Y and Z (but not U or V) makes up: - ANSW-a paraphyletic tree
Aristotle - ANSW-spontaneous generation, man were above animals and nature
Jean-Baptiste Lamark - ANSW-Proposed the law of use and disuse - a used structure will become
stronger and an unused structure will become vestigial
Proposed the idea of acquired characteristics - he claimed that traits acquired during an organism's
lifetime could be inherited by that organism's offspring
George Cuvier - ANSW-Catastrophism: theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and
volcanic eruptions shaped Earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species
James Hutton and Charles Lyell - ANSW-uniformitarianism: theory that the same gradual geological
processes we observe today were operating in the past. Earth was shaped gradually.
Darwin - ANSW-English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
(1809-1882)
natural selection - ANSW-A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the
environment.
Questions and verified Answers
Characteristics of life - ANSW-Orderly structure, reproduce, grow and develop, utilize energy,
homeostasis, respond to stimuli, evolve
Viruses alive? - ANSW-No. The only characteristic they display is evolutionary adaptation. Zombies,
neither dead or alive.
Water - ANSW-essential for life, polar molecule, universal solvent (partial positive and negative)
Hydrogen bonding - ANSW-holds DNA together, allows for adhesion and cohesion, reason water has one
of the highest specific heat capacities
carbonic acid - ANSW-a very weak acid formed in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water. Cause
for ocean acidification because H+ bonds better than Ca2+ in the water so more acid forms causing shells
to thin.
Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly
responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature? - ANSW-Absorption of heat by breaking
of hydrogen bonds.
Carbon - ANSW-building block of life.
Proteins - ANSW-regulate cell processes and build cell structures. Enzymes, skin, hair
Nucleic Acids - ANSW-carry genetic information. DNA, RNA
Lipids - ANSW-store energy long term and forms boundaries around cells. Fats, oils, phospholipids
Carbohydrates - ANSW-supplies energy for cell processes, short term energy storage. Sugars, starch,
cellulose
Why is Carbon so versatile? - ANSW-it can form single, double, and triple bonds. 4 open electron spots.
Can be branched at multiple different lengths. Arrangement of C changes chemical and physical
properties. Bonds shifted changes properties. Can form rings. Isomers. Can bind to many functional
groups.
Enantiomers - ANSW-isomers that are mirror images of each other. Left and right hands!
Polymerization - ANSW-a chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or
polymeric compound
Dehydration - ANSW-removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Hydrolisis - ANSW-the breaking of a bond molecule using water
Synthesis of organic polymers is called hydrolysis, while breakdown into monomers is dehydration -
ANSW-False
Systematics - ANSW-the study and classification of biodiversity
Taxonomy - ANSW-theory and practice of classifying organisms
Linnean Classification System - ANSW-Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Phylogeny - ANSW-Evolutionary history of a species
Homologies - ANSW-phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
phylogenetic tree - ANSW-A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist
among groups of organisms
, sister taxa - ANSW-Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each
other's closest relatives.
monophyletic group - ANSW-group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and
excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor
paraphyletic group - ANSW-A monophyletic group in which some descendants of the common ancestor
have been removed.
polyphyletic group - ANSW-an unnatural group that does not include the most recent common ancestor
Analogy - ANSW-similarity in organisms due to convergent evolution (butterflies and birds both have
wings, but evolved separately).
Homology - ANSW-similarity resulting from common ancestry and divergent evolution.
shared ancestral character - ANSW-a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
shared derived character - ANSW-An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.
parallel evolution - ANSW-Two related species that have made similar evolutionary adaptations after
their divergence from a common ancestor. Mirrored evolution.
apomorphy - ANSW-a derived trait unique to a particular group, evolutionary novelty
Synapomorphy - ANSW-a shared derived character that is no longer a novelty
Plesiomorphy - ANSW-ancestral trait
speciation - ANSW-Formation of new species
parsimony - ANSW-the simplest explanation is the best. Required fewest evolutionary events.
outgroup - ANSW-Diverged before the lineage
Ingroup - ANSW-Evolution lineage is of interest
Cladogram vs. Phylogram - ANSW-both are types of phylogenies, cladogram branches have no meaning,
only their order is important. Phylograms have branch lengths that can be proportional to genetic or
time change.
Three living species X,Y,Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A group that consists
of species T,X,Y and Z (but not U or V) makes up: - ANSW-a paraphyletic tree
Aristotle - ANSW-spontaneous generation, man were above animals and nature
Jean-Baptiste Lamark - ANSW-Proposed the law of use and disuse - a used structure will become
stronger and an unused structure will become vestigial
Proposed the idea of acquired characteristics - he claimed that traits acquired during an organism's
lifetime could be inherited by that organism's offspring
George Cuvier - ANSW-Catastrophism: theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and
volcanic eruptions shaped Earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species
James Hutton and Charles Lyell - ANSW-uniformitarianism: theory that the same gradual geological
processes we observe today were operating in the past. Earth was shaped gradually.
Darwin - ANSW-English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
(1809-1882)
natural selection - ANSW-A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the
environment.
