Pathophysiology Final Exam Practice Questions and Answers

Pathophysiology Final Exam Practice v v v Questions and v




Answers
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Autosomal Recessive Disorders - ANSWER Both parents must pass on the defective gene
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to produce
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Homozygous - ANSWER An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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Heterozygous - ANSWER One normal gene and one disease gene present in the pair
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Carrier - ANSWER A person who has one recessive allele for a trait, but does not have the
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trait (No signs of disease)
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Autosomal Dominant Disorders - ANSWER Presence of defect in only one of alleles
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-No carriersv




Atrophy - ANSWER Decrease in size of cells
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-Can come with aging, insufficient nutrition
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Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in size of cells
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-Can be caused by additional work by tissue (Enlarged heart)
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Hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells
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-In some cases happens with hypertrophy
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Dysplasia - ANSWER Cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequent
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Dysplasia can result from - ANSWER Chronic irritation, infection, precancerous change
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Metaplasia - ANSWER One mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
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-Can result from deficit in Vitamin A
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Most common cause of cell injury - ANSWER Hypoxia, most common injury is swelling
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Inflammation actions - ANSWER Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
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Inflammation presentation - ANSWER Redness and swelling, exudate
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Phagocytosis - ANSWER Removing of necrotic tissue and starting process of healing First
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responders cell-wise to inflammation - ANSWER Neutrophils
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,Macrophages - ANSWER Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
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-Later action in inflammation
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Monocytes - ANSWER An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and
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transform into a macrophage.
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-Later responderv




Where are mast cells found? - ANSWER Connective tissue and near all blood vessels
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Degranulation - ANSWER From mast cells, release chemical mediators to combat injury v v v v v v v v v v v




Histamine - ANSWER Immediate vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to
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form exudate
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-Seen often in allergies
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Serotonin - ANSWER A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.
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-Also seen in the inflammatory process
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Bradykinin - ANSWER A powerful vasodilator that increases capillary permeability and
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constricts smooth muscle
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-Causes pain v




Arachidonic Acids - ANSWER Phospholipids and fatty acids that are released by mast cells;
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Generate various chemical mediators through a complex chemical
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conversion-Prostaglandins
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Prostaglandins - ANSWER Synthesis from the AA in mast cells, vasodilator and increase v v v v v v v v v v v v




permeability, pain, fever
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Chemotaxis - ANSWER This is the second step in the complement system
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-Attraction of healing cells to site of injury v v v v v v v




T Lymphocytes - ANSWER Mature and differentiate in thymus
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-Comes after inflammation process
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Cytotoxic T Cells - ANSWER A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer
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cells
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STRAIGHT KILLER v




Helper T Cells - ANSWER Enhance humoral and cell mediated responses of immune
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system-activate other cells needed for immune response
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,Suppressor T Cells - ANSWER Inhibit humoral and cell mediated responses
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Natural Kille - ANSWER DISTINCT from T and B lymphocytes
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Destroy without any prior exposure/sensitixation
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How cell mediated immunity works - ANSWER Receptors in cell surface recognize
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antigens on surface of target cells and destroy invading problem cells
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IgG - ANSWER Immunoglobin G- most common and activates complement system
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-Produced in primary and secondary immune responses v v v v v v




IgM - ANSWER First immunoglobulin to proliferate in immunity, bound to B lymphocytes,
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activates complement and involved in Type II Hypersensitivity
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IgE - ANSWER Mast cells, stimulate histamine release in allergies response, in Type I
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Hypersensitivity
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TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY - ANSWER Allergic Reaction
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IgE produced
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Mast cells v




Complication: Anaphylaxis v




TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY - ANSWER Cytotoxic
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Antigen on cell membrane v v v




Circulating IgGs react to antigen
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-Common in blood transfusion problems v v v v




TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY - ANSWER Immune Complex
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IgG and IgM
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Antigen and Antibody combine to form complexes
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Activation if the complement, causes inflammation and destruction
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-Rheumatoid Arthritis v

, TYPE IV HYPERSENSITIVITY - ANSWER Cell mediated
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Delayed response to T lymphocytes
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Inflammatory response, destruction of antigen
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-TB test, contact dermatitis, skin rash
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Benign Tumors - ANSWER Localized, movable, differentiated cells reproduce at
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higher-than-normal rate
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ENCAPSULATED



Malignant Tumors - ANSWER Invasive and destructive, undifferentiated, nonfunctional
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Reproduce a lot more rapid
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Ischemia and necrosis v v




Angiogenesis - ANSWER Formation of new blood vessels, cancer often uses this to gather
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more nutrients from surrounding tissues
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Sodium - ANSWER 135-145 v v v




Cell shrinking or swelling
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Look for neurological signs and symptoms
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In ECF
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Hyponatremia - ANSWER Fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort, nausea,
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vomiting
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Cerebral edema, confusion, seizures v v v




HYPOVOLEMIA
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