Examl 2:l NUR176/l NURl 176l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Conceptsl ofl Adultl Healthl
Nursingl forl thel Practicall Nursel Reviewl |l
Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Hondros
QUESTION
Agel relatedl changesl inl Urinaryl System
Answer:
-Declinel inl renall bloodl flow
-Decreasedl abilityl tol concentratel andl dilutel urine
-Slowedl clearingl ofl waste
-Increasedl riskl forl infectionl (duel tol incompletel bladderl emptying)
-Incontinencel notl al normall consequencel ofl agel butl itsl common
-Stressl causesl kidneysl tol malfunctionl leadingl tol incontinentl epis
QUESTION
Agel relatedl changesl inl Urinaryl Systeml (Females)
Answer:
Inl femalesl -l urinaryl incontinencel isl causedl byl relaxationl ofl pelvicl muscles,l lackl ofl
estrogenl after
menopausel orl onl estrogenl blocker
QUESTION
Agel relatedl changesl inl Urinaryl Systeml (Males)
Answer:
Inl malesl -l urinaryl incontinencel causedl byl urethrall obstructionl (oftenl causedl byl prostatel
gland
inflammation)
,QUESTION
Urinaryl Incontinence
Answer:
Disruptionl inl storage/emptyingl ofl bladderl withl involuntaryl releasel ofl urine.l Couldl bel
temporaryl orl permanent
s/s:l largel volumel ofl urine
causes:l underdevelopedl urinaryl system,l infection,l depression
QUESTION
Fecall Incontinence
Answer:
Involuntaryl passagel ofl stool,l sometimesl leakagel orl completel lossl ofl bowell control,l lessl
commonl thanl urinaryl incontinence
Cause:l duel tol pathologicall changel inl bodyl Crohn'sl Disease,l Ulcerativel Colitisl etc.,l
couldl bel duel tol trauma
Interventions:l bathrooml schedulingl forl eitherl one,l toiletl trainingl everyl 2l hrs.
QUESTION
Incontinencel isl classifiedl asl eitherl transientl (acute)l orl establishedl &l persistentl whichl isl
al suddenl orl morel recentl onsetl &l isl associatedl withl treatablel factorsl thatl canl bel
rememberedl byl "DRIP"
Answer:
Dl -l delirium,l depression
Rl -l retention,l restrictedl mobilityl and/orl environment
Il -l infection,l inflammation,l impaction
Pl -l pharmaceuticals,l polyuria,l pain
QUESTION
Urinaryl Retention
Answer:
Inabilityl tol urinatel orl incompletel emptyingl ofl thel bladderl (sometimesl diseasel processl orl
holdingl urinel forl tool long)
Cause:l enlargedl prostate,l ptl beingl constipated,l nervel issuesl (spinall cordl issues,l MS)l
,Inabilityl tol sendl signalsl tol bladder
Medicationsl likel anticholinergicsl &l antidepressants,l
surgicall complication,l surgeryl causesl constipation,l anxiety
QUESTION
Urinaryl Retention:l S/S
Answer:
Complaintsl ofl frequencyl andl urgencyl (Benignl prostaticl hyperplasial {BPH}),l voidingl inl
smalll amounts,l postl voidl residual
QUESTION
Urinaryl Retention:l Nursingl Interventions
Answer:
Straightl catheter,l foleyl catheter,l checkl prostatel ifl malel pt,l foleyl catheterl &l Flomaxl
orderedl forl unresponsivel pt
Consequences:l chronicl bladderl infections,l bladderl distention,l pyelonephritisl (kidneyl
infection),l renall atrophyl (shrinkagel ofl onel orl bothl kidneys)
makel surel ptl isl emptyingl adequately,l ensurel sterilel procedurel whenl usingl catheters
QUESTION
Urinaryl &l Bowell Discomfort
Answer:
Causedl byl inflammationl &l infectionl ofl urinaryl tract,l bladderl distention,
irritationl whenl urinel comesl inl contactl withl lesionsl ifl STIl presentl complaintsl ofl pain.l
Helpl treatl causel byl administeringl antibioticsl orl straightl Cathl orl B&Ol suppositoryl
dependingl onl cause
Bowell Discomfortl causesl constipation,l abdominall cramping,l gas,l diarrhea,l hemorrhoids,l
inflammatoryl issue,l chronicl conditionl (Crohn'sl orl colitisl orl diverticulitis)
S/S:l pain,l distention,l gasl pains,l -l treatl underlyingl cause
QUESTION
Who'sl atl riskl forl anyl typel ofl eliminationl issue?
Answer:
, -l Olderl adults
-l Infants/l toddlers/l children
-l pregnantl women
QUESTION
Labl Testl forl Incontinence
Answer:
Urinalysis
Renall Functionl Tests
Cultures
Occultl Blood
Directl Observationl Tests
Colonoscopy
Cystoscopy
QUESTION
URINARYl TRACTl INFECTIONS
Answer:
Involvesl anyl partl ofl thel urinaryl tract
-l Acquiredl throughl urethral /l blood/l lymph
-l Itl isl anl ascendingl infectionl -l infectionl travelsl UPWARDS
-l Mostlyl causedl byl E.l colil bacteria,l canl bel causedl byl viruses,l yeastl orl fungus
-l Importantl tol treatl asapl tol avoidl renall scarringl -l leadsl tol renall failure
QUESTION
UTIl RISKl FACTORS
Answer:
-Femalel anatomy
-l Usel ofl indwellingl catheterl orl intermittentl catheters
-l Vaginall infections
-l Infrequentl voiding
-l Poorl perineall care
-l IFl UNTREATEDl CANl RESULTl INl SEPSISl WHICHl CANl LEADl TOl DEATHl ESPl
INl ELDERLYl PT
2026l Update)l Conceptsl ofl Adultl Healthl
Nursingl forl thel Practicall Nursel Reviewl |l
Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l
Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Hondros
QUESTION
Agel relatedl changesl inl Urinaryl System
Answer:
-Declinel inl renall bloodl flow
-Decreasedl abilityl tol concentratel andl dilutel urine
-Slowedl clearingl ofl waste
-Increasedl riskl forl infectionl (duel tol incompletel bladderl emptying)
-Incontinencel notl al normall consequencel ofl agel butl itsl common
-Stressl causesl kidneysl tol malfunctionl leadingl tol incontinentl epis
QUESTION
Agel relatedl changesl inl Urinaryl Systeml (Females)
Answer:
Inl femalesl -l urinaryl incontinencel isl causedl byl relaxationl ofl pelvicl muscles,l lackl ofl
estrogenl after
menopausel orl onl estrogenl blocker
QUESTION
Agel relatedl changesl inl Urinaryl Systeml (Males)
Answer:
Inl malesl -l urinaryl incontinencel causedl byl urethrall obstructionl (oftenl causedl byl prostatel
gland
inflammation)
,QUESTION
Urinaryl Incontinence
Answer:
Disruptionl inl storage/emptyingl ofl bladderl withl involuntaryl releasel ofl urine.l Couldl bel
temporaryl orl permanent
s/s:l largel volumel ofl urine
causes:l underdevelopedl urinaryl system,l infection,l depression
QUESTION
Fecall Incontinence
Answer:
Involuntaryl passagel ofl stool,l sometimesl leakagel orl completel lossl ofl bowell control,l lessl
commonl thanl urinaryl incontinence
Cause:l duel tol pathologicall changel inl bodyl Crohn'sl Disease,l Ulcerativel Colitisl etc.,l
couldl bel duel tol trauma
Interventions:l bathrooml schedulingl forl eitherl one,l toiletl trainingl everyl 2l hrs.
QUESTION
Incontinencel isl classifiedl asl eitherl transientl (acute)l orl establishedl &l persistentl whichl isl
al suddenl orl morel recentl onsetl &l isl associatedl withl treatablel factorsl thatl canl bel
rememberedl byl "DRIP"
Answer:
Dl -l delirium,l depression
Rl -l retention,l restrictedl mobilityl and/orl environment
Il -l infection,l inflammation,l impaction
Pl -l pharmaceuticals,l polyuria,l pain
QUESTION
Urinaryl Retention
Answer:
Inabilityl tol urinatel orl incompletel emptyingl ofl thel bladderl (sometimesl diseasel processl orl
holdingl urinel forl tool long)
Cause:l enlargedl prostate,l ptl beingl constipated,l nervel issuesl (spinall cordl issues,l MS)l
,Inabilityl tol sendl signalsl tol bladder
Medicationsl likel anticholinergicsl &l antidepressants,l
surgicall complication,l surgeryl causesl constipation,l anxiety
QUESTION
Urinaryl Retention:l S/S
Answer:
Complaintsl ofl frequencyl andl urgencyl (Benignl prostaticl hyperplasial {BPH}),l voidingl inl
smalll amounts,l postl voidl residual
QUESTION
Urinaryl Retention:l Nursingl Interventions
Answer:
Straightl catheter,l foleyl catheter,l checkl prostatel ifl malel pt,l foleyl catheterl &l Flomaxl
orderedl forl unresponsivel pt
Consequences:l chronicl bladderl infections,l bladderl distention,l pyelonephritisl (kidneyl
infection),l renall atrophyl (shrinkagel ofl onel orl bothl kidneys)
makel surel ptl isl emptyingl adequately,l ensurel sterilel procedurel whenl usingl catheters
QUESTION
Urinaryl &l Bowell Discomfort
Answer:
Causedl byl inflammationl &l infectionl ofl urinaryl tract,l bladderl distention,
irritationl whenl urinel comesl inl contactl withl lesionsl ifl STIl presentl complaintsl ofl pain.l
Helpl treatl causel byl administeringl antibioticsl orl straightl Cathl orl B&Ol suppositoryl
dependingl onl cause
Bowell Discomfortl causesl constipation,l abdominall cramping,l gas,l diarrhea,l hemorrhoids,l
inflammatoryl issue,l chronicl conditionl (Crohn'sl orl colitisl orl diverticulitis)
S/S:l pain,l distention,l gasl pains,l -l treatl underlyingl cause
QUESTION
Who'sl atl riskl forl anyl typel ofl eliminationl issue?
Answer:
, -l Olderl adults
-l Infants/l toddlers/l children
-l pregnantl women
QUESTION
Labl Testl forl Incontinence
Answer:
Urinalysis
Renall Functionl Tests
Cultures
Occultl Blood
Directl Observationl Tests
Colonoscopy
Cystoscopy
QUESTION
URINARYl TRACTl INFECTIONS
Answer:
Involvesl anyl partl ofl thel urinaryl tract
-l Acquiredl throughl urethral /l blood/l lymph
-l Itl isl anl ascendingl infectionl -l infectionl travelsl UPWARDS
-l Mostlyl causedl byl E.l colil bacteria,l canl bel causedl byl viruses,l yeastl orl fungus
-l Importantl tol treatl asapl tol avoidl renall scarringl -l leadsl tol renall failure
QUESTION
UTIl RISKl FACTORS
Answer:
-Femalel anatomy
-l Usel ofl indwellingl catheterl orl intermittentl catheters
-l Vaginall infections
-l Infrequentl voiding
-l Poorl perineall care
-l IFl UNTREATEDl CANl RESULTl INl SEPSISl WHICHl CANl LEADl TOl DEATHl ESPl
INl ELDERLYl PT
