Portage Pathophysiology Module 3 | | | |
Immune System exam with verified | | | | |
detailed answers |
immunity - Correct answer ✔protection from disease, specifically infectious
| | | | | | | | |
disease
immune response - Correct answer ✔coordination of cells to provide protection
| | | | | | | | | |
Innate immunity - Correct answer ✔- also called natural immunity
| | | | | | | | |
- the first line of defense
| | | | |
- This type of defense is in place before an infection takes place and can
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
function immediately. | |
- It is comprised of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular defenses.
| | | | | | | | | |
Two immune mechanism types: - Correct answer ✔Innate
| | | | | | |
Adaptive
Means of entry into the body: - Correct answer ✔skin, respiratory,
| | | | | | | | | | |
gastrointestinal (GI), and urogenital tracts | | | |
Innate immunity cell types: - Correct answer ✔- Leukocytes
| | | | | | | |
,- neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), natural killer (NK) cells, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
intraepithelial lymphocytes. | |
- These cells are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Two leukocyte types: - Correct answer ✔Granulocytes are leukocytes that
| | | | | | | | | |
contain granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
| | | | | | |
Agranulocytes are leukocytes that lack granules and include monocytes, | | | | | | | | |
macrophages, and lymphocytes. | |
Neutrophils - Correct answer ✔the most abundant cell in the body, making up
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
approximately 55% of all white blood cells. They are an early responder in | | | | | | | | | | | | |
innate immunity and use phagocytosis to kill microbes.
| | | | | | |
Eosinophils - Correct answer ✔make up 1-4% and become active in parasitic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
infections and allergic responses. | | |
Basophils - Correct answer ✔make up less than 1% and they release histamine
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
and proteolytic enzymes. They are believed to play a role in allergic and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
parasitic infections as well. | | |
Monocytes - Correct answer ✔the largest in size of the white blood cells but
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
make up only 3-7% of the total leukocyte count. They are released from the bone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
marrow and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells where they engage in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the inflammatory response and phagocytize foreign substances and cellular
| | | | | | | | | |
debris.
,Macrophages - Correct answer ✔have a longer life span, reside in the tissues, | | | | | | | | | | | | |
and are the first phagocyte that organisms encounter. Neutrophils and
| | | | | | | | | |
macrophages work together on behalf of the host's initial defense system. | | | | | | | | | |
Natural killer (NK) cells and intraepithelial cells (IELs) - Correct answer ✔NK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
cells can spontaneously kill target organisms. They can kill some types of tumor
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|and/or infected cells without previous exposure to surface antigens. They also
| | | | | | | | | | |
limit the spread of infection and assist in the development of adaptive immune
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
responses through cytokine production. NK cells help with dendritic cell
| | | | | | | | | |
maturation and innate immune control of viral infections. | | | | | | |
Dendritic cells (DCs) - Correct answer ✔found as immature cells in lymphoid
| | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue. Here they capture foreign agents and transport them to peripheral
| | | | | | | | | | |
lymphoid organs. Once activated, they undergo a complex maturation process
| | | | | | | | | |
as they migrate to the regional lymph nodes. An important role is their function
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
as key antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity.
| | | | | | | | | |
They serve an important role between innate and adaptive immunity.
| | | | | | | | |
Adaptive immunity - Correct answer ✔- also called acquired immunity, is the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
second line of defense. | | | |
- is initiated in response to cell-specific substances known as antigens
| | | | | | | | | |
- serves not only to distinguish self from non-self but to recognize and destroy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
specific foreign agents based on their different antigenic properties
| | | | | | | |
- response takes time to acquire—immunity is acquired through repeated
| | | | | | | | | |
exposures to foreign organisms. | | | |
, - A 'memory' against these specific pathogens is developed and a strong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
response will be generated upon the next exposure.
| | | | | | |
Antigens - Correct answer ✔foreign substances that elicit an adaptive immune
| | | | | | | | | | |
response when present in the body.
| | | | |
Adaptive immunity is comprised of two interrelated forms of immunity: -
| | | | | | | | | | |
Correct answer ✔(1) humoral and (2) cell-mediated.
| | | | | |
Humoral immunity - Correct answer ✔mediated by B-lymphocyte activation
| | | | | | | | |
and subsequent antibody production. It is the main defense against
| | | | | | | | | |
extracellular microbes and toxins. | | |
Cell-mediated immunity - Correct answer ✔involves activation of specific T-
| | | | | | | | |
lymphocytes (T-helper and T- cytotoxic lymphocytes), which defend the body
| | | | | | | | | |
against intracellular microbes, like viruses.
| | | |
Adaptive immunity extra info: - Correct answer ✔By inducing an immune
| | | | | | | | | | |
response, antigens trigger the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes.
| | | | | | | | | |
Antigens include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites, as well as
| | | | | | | | | | |
nonmicrobial agents such as plant pollens, insect venom, and transplanted
| | | | | | | | | |
organs. As foreign substances, each has the potential to initiate an immune
| | | | | | | | | | | |
response. Antigens have immunologically active sites called antigenic
| | | | | | | |
determinants, or epitopes. Lymphocytes and antibodies (immunoglobulins)
| | | | | | |
have specific receptors that recognize and bind to these sites. A single antigen
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
may have several antigenic determinants and cause several different T and B
| | | | | | | | | | | |
lymphocytes to be stimulated. The influenza virus is a prime example of this.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Immune System exam with verified | | | | |
detailed answers |
immunity - Correct answer ✔protection from disease, specifically infectious
| | | | | | | | |
disease
immune response - Correct answer ✔coordination of cells to provide protection
| | | | | | | | | |
Innate immunity - Correct answer ✔- also called natural immunity
| | | | | | | | |
- the first line of defense
| | | | |
- This type of defense is in place before an infection takes place and can
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
function immediately. | |
- It is comprised of physical, chemical, cellular, and molecular defenses.
| | | | | | | | | |
Two immune mechanism types: - Correct answer ✔Innate
| | | | | | |
Adaptive
Means of entry into the body: - Correct answer ✔skin, respiratory,
| | | | | | | | | | |
gastrointestinal (GI), and urogenital tracts | | | |
Innate immunity cell types: - Correct answer ✔- Leukocytes
| | | | | | | |
,- neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), natural killer (NK) cells, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
intraepithelial lymphocytes. | |
- These cells are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Two leukocyte types: - Correct answer ✔Granulocytes are leukocytes that
| | | | | | | | | |
contain granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
| | | | | | |
Agranulocytes are leukocytes that lack granules and include monocytes, | | | | | | | | |
macrophages, and lymphocytes. | |
Neutrophils - Correct answer ✔the most abundant cell in the body, making up
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
approximately 55% of all white blood cells. They are an early responder in | | | | | | | | | | | | |
innate immunity and use phagocytosis to kill microbes.
| | | | | | |
Eosinophils - Correct answer ✔make up 1-4% and become active in parasitic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
infections and allergic responses. | | |
Basophils - Correct answer ✔make up less than 1% and they release histamine
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
and proteolytic enzymes. They are believed to play a role in allergic and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
parasitic infections as well. | | |
Monocytes - Correct answer ✔the largest in size of the white blood cells but
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
make up only 3-7% of the total leukocyte count. They are released from the bone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
marrow and mature into macrophages and dendritic cells where they engage in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the inflammatory response and phagocytize foreign substances and cellular
| | | | | | | | | |
debris.
,Macrophages - Correct answer ✔have a longer life span, reside in the tissues, | | | | | | | | | | | | |
and are the first phagocyte that organisms encounter. Neutrophils and
| | | | | | | | | |
macrophages work together on behalf of the host's initial defense system. | | | | | | | | | |
Natural killer (NK) cells and intraepithelial cells (IELs) - Correct answer ✔NK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
cells can spontaneously kill target organisms. They can kill some types of tumor
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|and/or infected cells without previous exposure to surface antigens. They also
| | | | | | | | | | |
limit the spread of infection and assist in the development of adaptive immune
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
responses through cytokine production. NK cells help with dendritic cell
| | | | | | | | | |
maturation and innate immune control of viral infections. | | | | | | |
Dendritic cells (DCs) - Correct answer ✔found as immature cells in lymphoid
| | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue. Here they capture foreign agents and transport them to peripheral
| | | | | | | | | | |
lymphoid organs. Once activated, they undergo a complex maturation process
| | | | | | | | | |
as they migrate to the regional lymph nodes. An important role is their function
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
as key antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity.
| | | | | | | | | |
They serve an important role between innate and adaptive immunity.
| | | | | | | | |
Adaptive immunity - Correct answer ✔- also called acquired immunity, is the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
second line of defense. | | | |
- is initiated in response to cell-specific substances known as antigens
| | | | | | | | | |
- serves not only to distinguish self from non-self but to recognize and destroy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
specific foreign agents based on their different antigenic properties
| | | | | | | |
- response takes time to acquire—immunity is acquired through repeated
| | | | | | | | | |
exposures to foreign organisms. | | | |
, - A 'memory' against these specific pathogens is developed and a strong
| | | | | | | | | | | |
response will be generated upon the next exposure.
| | | | | | |
Antigens - Correct answer ✔foreign substances that elicit an adaptive immune
| | | | | | | | | | |
response when present in the body.
| | | | |
Adaptive immunity is comprised of two interrelated forms of immunity: -
| | | | | | | | | | |
Correct answer ✔(1) humoral and (2) cell-mediated.
| | | | | |
Humoral immunity - Correct answer ✔mediated by B-lymphocyte activation
| | | | | | | | |
and subsequent antibody production. It is the main defense against
| | | | | | | | | |
extracellular microbes and toxins. | | |
Cell-mediated immunity - Correct answer ✔involves activation of specific T-
| | | | | | | | |
lymphocytes (T-helper and T- cytotoxic lymphocytes), which defend the body
| | | | | | | | | |
against intracellular microbes, like viruses.
| | | |
Adaptive immunity extra info: - Correct answer ✔By inducing an immune
| | | | | | | | | | |
response, antigens trigger the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes.
| | | | | | | | | |
Antigens include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and parasites, as well as
| | | | | | | | | | |
nonmicrobial agents such as plant pollens, insect venom, and transplanted
| | | | | | | | | |
organs. As foreign substances, each has the potential to initiate an immune
| | | | | | | | | | | |
response. Antigens have immunologically active sites called antigenic
| | | | | | | |
determinants, or epitopes. Lymphocytes and antibodies (immunoglobulins)
| | | | | | |
have specific receptors that recognize and bind to these sites. A single antigen
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
may have several antigenic determinants and cause several different T and B
| | | | | | | | | | | |
lymphocytes to be stimulated. The influenza virus is a prime example of this.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
