Portage Pathophysiology Module 4 | | | |
Cardiovascular Disorders Exam with | | | |
accurate detailed solutions | |
Blood - Correct answer ✔type of connective tissue that circulates throughout
| | | | | | | | | | |
the body, transporting necessary nutrients and waste products to and from the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
body tissues. It is composed of a liquid component called plasma which holds
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the formed elements of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood
| | | | | | | | | | |
cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Total blood volume in the average adult is 5
| | | | | | | | | | | |
to 6 liters.
| | |
plasma - Correct answer ✔the liquid component of blood; it contains mostly
| | | | | | | | | | | |
water (approximately 90% of its total composition), a small amount of proteins
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(approximately 6-8% including albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins), and other | | | | | | | | |
small molecular substances (approximately 2%.). Plasma functions in many
| | | | | | | | |
capacities primarily in the transport of nutrients, waste products, and even
| | | | | | | | | | |
hormones throughout the body. It also plays a vital role in heat distribution,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
fluid regulation and acid-base balance.
| | | |
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) - Correct answer ✔-Blood cells are
| | | | | | | | | | | |
synthesized in the bone marrow and not all are considered true cells (due to the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
fact that some lack a nuclei and organelles)
| | | | | | |
-carry oxygen to the body tissues by way of a protein called hemoglobin, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
carbon dioxide away from the tissues to be expelled from the body. RBCs live
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
approximately 120 days. | |
,Leukocytes - Correct answer ✔white blood cells (WBCs), function in immunity
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and the inflammatory response
| | |
Platelets - Correct answer ✔assist in blood clotting mechanisms, releasing
| | | | | | | | | |
chemical messengers and adhesion proteins associated with coagulation while
| | | | | | | | |
associating at the site of injury to form a blood clot. | | | | | | | | | |
Hemostasis - Correct answer ✔- the stoppage of blood flow | | | | | | | | |
-three stages: |
1. Vascular constriction
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2. Formation of the platelet plug
| | | | |
3. Blood coagulation
| |
When an injury occurs within a blood vessel, chemical signals are released from
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the damaged cells. In the first step of hemostasis, the damaged cells will
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
constrict which leads to a decrease in blood flow. In the second step, platelets
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
arrive at the vessel wall where they are activated by cytokines and by contact
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
with collagen. They become sticky, attracting more platelets which come
| | | | | | | | | |
together to form a plug. | | | | |
Platelet adhesion requires a protein molecule called von Willebrand factor,
| | | | | | | | | |
which serves to carry coagulation factor VIII. People who are deficient in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
platelets or von Willebrand factor cannot, upon injury, effectively form a
| | | | | | | | | | |
platelet plug which leads to excessive bleeding.
| | | | | |
,The third step of hemostasis (blood coagulation), is the process in which
| | | | | | | | | | | |
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. The fibrin strands form a clot by adhering
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
platelets and other blood components together. The body contains pro-
| | | | | | | | |
coagulation factors that promote clotting as well as anti-coagulation factors
| | | | | | | | | |
which inhibit clotting; therefore, regulating this process. There are intrinsic and
| | | | | | | | | |
extrinsic coagulation pathways containing multiple steps, each perpetuating
| | | | | | | | |
the next. Thus, an abnormality in any one of these steps can lead to problems.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
platelet aggregation inhibitors - Correct answer ✔Medications including aspirin
| | | | | | | |
and clopidogrel (Plavix)
| | |
- used to prevent clot formation in people at risk for peripheral artery disease,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
myocardial infarction, and/or stroke. | | |
protein coagulation factors - Correct answer ✔- most are formed in liver
| | | | | | | | | | |
- Vitamin K is needed to synthesize factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
protein C. A deficiency of vitamin K or liver failure will result in abnormal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
bleeding as prothrombin will not be made. Calcium is also needed to carry out
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
most of these conversions
| | |
pathways that both form prothrombin activator: - Correct answer ✔intrinsic
| | | | | | | | | |
and extrinsic pathways
| |
The intrinsic pathway - Correct answer ✔begins with factor XII and is the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
slower of the two pathways, taking 1-6 minutes to form a clot
| | | | | | | | | | |
, The extrinsic pathway - Correct answer ✔begins with thromboplastin which is
| | | | | | | | | | |
released from the subendothelial cells. It is the quicker of the two pathways,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
forming a clot in approximately 15 seconds. | | | | | |
Both pathways converge to activate factor X which converts prothrombin to
| | | | | | | | | | |
thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to
| | | | | | | | | | |
stabilize a clot. Both pathways are necessary for hemostasis to occur.
| | | | | | | | | |
naturally occurring anticoagulants found within the body - Correct answer ✔-
| | | | | | | | | | |
maintain balance within the body, | | | |
- antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S
| | | | | | |
- A deficiency of these substances increases a person's risk for clotting
| | | | | | | | | | |
Anticoagulant drugs that are used to prevent thromboembolic disorders, such | | | | | | | | | |
as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE):
| | | | | | | |
- Warfarin inhibits coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, X) that are dependent
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
on vitamin K for their synthesis. People on warfarin must have frequent lab
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
testing of their anticoagulant time with an INR test.
| | | | | | | |
- Heparin binds to antithrombin III to inhibit thrombin, factor Xa, and other
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
clotting factors. Heparin ultimately stops the formation of fibrin. Low
| | | | | | | | | |
molecular weight heparin (Lovenox) is more convenient to use as it requires
| | | | | | | | | | | |
less frequent administration and monitoring.
| | | |
- Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a newer oral anticoagulant that requires less
| | | | | | | | | | |
management for the patient and is more cost-effective than warfarin. | | | | | | | | |
- Newer agents Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (Eliquis) inhibit factor Xa
| | | | | | | | | | |
function and do not require monitoring. | | | | |
Cardiovascular Disorders Exam with | | | |
accurate detailed solutions | |
Blood - Correct answer ✔type of connective tissue that circulates throughout
| | | | | | | | | | |
the body, transporting necessary nutrients and waste products to and from the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
body tissues. It is composed of a liquid component called plasma which holds
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the formed elements of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood
| | | | | | | | | | |
cells), and thrombocytes (platelets). Total blood volume in the average adult is 5
| | | | | | | | | | | |
to 6 liters.
| | |
plasma - Correct answer ✔the liquid component of blood; it contains mostly
| | | | | | | | | | | |
water (approximately 90% of its total composition), a small amount of proteins
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(approximately 6-8% including albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins), and other | | | | | | | | |
small molecular substances (approximately 2%.). Plasma functions in many
| | | | | | | | |
capacities primarily in the transport of nutrients, waste products, and even
| | | | | | | | | | |
hormones throughout the body. It also plays a vital role in heat distribution,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
fluid regulation and acid-base balance.
| | | |
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs) - Correct answer ✔-Blood cells are
| | | | | | | | | | | |
synthesized in the bone marrow and not all are considered true cells (due to the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
fact that some lack a nuclei and organelles)
| | | | | | |
-carry oxygen to the body tissues by way of a protein called hemoglobin, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
carbon dioxide away from the tissues to be expelled from the body. RBCs live
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
approximately 120 days. | |
,Leukocytes - Correct answer ✔white blood cells (WBCs), function in immunity
| | | | | | | | | | |
and the inflammatory response
| | |
Platelets - Correct answer ✔assist in blood clotting mechanisms, releasing
| | | | | | | | | |
chemical messengers and adhesion proteins associated with coagulation while
| | | | | | | | |
associating at the site of injury to form a blood clot. | | | | | | | | | |
Hemostasis - Correct answer ✔- the stoppage of blood flow | | | | | | | | |
-three stages: |
1. Vascular constriction
| |
2. Formation of the platelet plug
| | | | |
3. Blood coagulation
| |
When an injury occurs within a blood vessel, chemical signals are released from
| | | | | | | | | | | |
the damaged cells. In the first step of hemostasis, the damaged cells will
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
constrict which leads to a decrease in blood flow. In the second step, platelets
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
arrive at the vessel wall where they are activated by cytokines and by contact
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
with collagen. They become sticky, attracting more platelets which come
| | | | | | | | | |
together to form a plug. | | | | |
Platelet adhesion requires a protein molecule called von Willebrand factor,
| | | | | | | | | |
which serves to carry coagulation factor VIII. People who are deficient in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
platelets or von Willebrand factor cannot, upon injury, effectively form a
| | | | | | | | | | |
platelet plug which leads to excessive bleeding.
| | | | | |
,The third step of hemostasis (blood coagulation), is the process in which
| | | | | | | | | | | |
fibrinogen is converted to fibrin. The fibrin strands form a clot by adhering
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
platelets and other blood components together. The body contains pro-
| | | | | | | | |
coagulation factors that promote clotting as well as anti-coagulation factors
| | | | | | | | | |
which inhibit clotting; therefore, regulating this process. There are intrinsic and
| | | | | | | | | |
extrinsic coagulation pathways containing multiple steps, each perpetuating
| | | | | | | | |
the next. Thus, an abnormality in any one of these steps can lead to problems.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
platelet aggregation inhibitors - Correct answer ✔Medications including aspirin
| | | | | | | |
and clopidogrel (Plavix)
| | |
- used to prevent clot formation in people at risk for peripheral artery disease,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
myocardial infarction, and/or stroke. | | |
protein coagulation factors - Correct answer ✔- most are formed in liver
| | | | | | | | | | |
- Vitamin K is needed to synthesize factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
protein C. A deficiency of vitamin K or liver failure will result in abnormal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
bleeding as prothrombin will not be made. Calcium is also needed to carry out
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
most of these conversions
| | |
pathways that both form prothrombin activator: - Correct answer ✔intrinsic
| | | | | | | | | |
and extrinsic pathways
| |
The intrinsic pathway - Correct answer ✔begins with factor XII and is the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
slower of the two pathways, taking 1-6 minutes to form a clot
| | | | | | | | | | |
, The extrinsic pathway - Correct answer ✔begins with thromboplastin which is
| | | | | | | | | | |
released from the subendothelial cells. It is the quicker of the two pathways,
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
forming a clot in approximately 15 seconds. | | | | | |
Both pathways converge to activate factor X which converts prothrombin to
| | | | | | | | | | |
thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to
| | | | | | | | | | |
stabilize a clot. Both pathways are necessary for hemostasis to occur.
| | | | | | | | | |
naturally occurring anticoagulants found within the body - Correct answer ✔-
| | | | | | | | | | |
maintain balance within the body, | | | |
- antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S
| | | | | | |
- A deficiency of these substances increases a person's risk for clotting
| | | | | | | | | | |
Anticoagulant drugs that are used to prevent thromboembolic disorders, such | | | | | | | | | |
as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE):
| | | | | | | |
- Warfarin inhibits coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, X) that are dependent
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
on vitamin K for their synthesis. People on warfarin must have frequent lab
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
testing of their anticoagulant time with an INR test.
| | | | | | | |
- Heparin binds to antithrombin III to inhibit thrombin, factor Xa, and other
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
clotting factors. Heparin ultimately stops the formation of fibrin. Low
| | | | | | | | | |
molecular weight heparin (Lovenox) is more convenient to use as it requires
| | | | | | | | | | | |
less frequent administration and monitoring.
| | | |
- Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a newer oral anticoagulant that requires less
| | | | | | | | | | |
management for the patient and is more cost-effective than warfarin. | | | | | | | | |
- Newer agents Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) and Apixaban (Eliquis) inhibit factor Xa
| | | | | | | | | | |
function and do not require monitoring. | | | | |
