Portage Pathophysiology Module 5- | | | |
Pulmonary System Disorders exam with | | | | |
verified solutions |
main function of the respiratory system - Correct answer ✔gas exchange
| | | | | | | | | |
- primary goal is to get oxygen into the blood while also expelling carbon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
dioxide from the body. | | |
respiratory system can be divided into: - Correct answer ✔the conducting
| | | | | | | | | | |
airways and the respiratory tissues.
| | | |
structures that make up the conducting airways - Correct answer ✔The nasal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
passages, mouth and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
| | | | | | | |
- Air is brought in from the atmosphere and directed to the lungs through these
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
structures. Once in the lung, the respiratory tissues are where gas exchange
| | | | | | | | | | | |
takes place.
|
- most of the conducting airways are lined with ciliated pseudostratified
| | | | | | | | | | |
columnar epithelium |
- The ciliated cells protect the airway by entrapping particles and redirecting
| | | | | | | | | | | |
them back toward the oropharynx where they can be expectorated or
| | | | | | | | | | |
swallowed. Within the ciliated cells, mucus-secreting glands also secrete
| | | | | | | | |
antibacterial enzymes. The bronchus also contains smooth muscle cells, mucus
| | | | | | | | | |
glands, connective tissue, and cartilage.
| | | |
,The smaller bronchioles are made of simple epithelium. They lack cartilage and
| | | | | | | | | | |
the wall is thinner. Importantly, the alveolar wall is made for gas exchange, not
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
structural support |
tracheobronchial tree - Correct answer ✔starts at the conducting airway and | | | | | | | | | | |
branches into the lobes of the lungs, ending in the respiratory airway where gas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
exchange takes place. Altogether, as the name implies the tracheobronchial tree
| | | | | | | | | | |
consists of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
| | | | | |
trachea - Correct answer ✔- connects the larynx to the bronchi
| | | | | | | | | |
- contains C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage which prevent it from collapsing.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
- At its base, the trachea divides to form the right and left main, or primary,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
bronchi. Each main bronchus contains pulmonary arteries, veins, and lymph
| | | | | | | | | |
vessels and together enter the lung through a slit called the hilum.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
- between the main bronchi is a ridge, called the carina. It is a highly sensitive
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue that initiates violent coughing when contacted by a foreign object, such
| | | | | | | | | | | |
as by food.
| |
bronchi division: - Correct answer ✔- Upon entering the lungs, the main
| | | | | | | | | | | |
bronchi divide into secondary or lobular bronchi, supplying each lobe of the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
lungs
- the right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lung only has 2 lobes because of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
position of the heart. | | | |
- The secondary bronchi then further divide to form the segmental bronchi.
| | | | | | | | | | |
The segmental bronchi will further branch into smaller bronchi until they
| | | | | | | | | | |
become terminal bronchi—the smallest structures within the conducting
| | | | | | | |
airways. |
,- Notably, the structural composition of bronchi also changes as it branches and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
decreases in size. | | |
- Although initially composed primarily of cartilage, its composition is
| | | | | | | | | |
gradually replaced by smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
| | | | | | | |
- In fact, by the time the bronchi branches into bronchioles no cartilage is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
present. |
- Instead, the bronchioles are primarily composed of smooth muscle and elastic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue.
Branching levels: - Correct answer ✔The first 16 generations (Z) make up the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
conducting airways. Generations 17 to 23 make up the respiratory airways.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Throughout childhood, the airways increase in diameter and length. The
| | | | | | | | | |
number and size of the alveoli increase until adolescence when respiratory
| | | | | | | | | | |
development matures to that of an adult. | | | | | |
Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles as well as the alveolar ducts
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
and sacs which are located in the lobules of the lungs. Deoxygenated blood
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
enters the lungs through a pulmonary artery, and oxygenated blood exits
| | | | | | | | | | |
through a pulmonary vein. | | |
alveoli - Correct answer ✔the actual sites of gas exchange between the air and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood.
- Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood diffuses into the alveoli.
| | | |
alveolus - Correct answer ✔a sac that fills with oxygenated air when one
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
breathes in and allows that air to pass across a membrane into a blood vessel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
, (alveolar capillary). The alveolus contracts back down like a deflating balloon to
| | | | | | | | | | |
let carbon dioxide out and to begin the cycle again. Within this space,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
capillaries are abundant, allowing blood and air to constantly mix.
| | | | | | | | |
Alveolar epithelium consists of - Correct answer ✔type I and type II alveolar
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
cells, as well as macrophages.
| | | |
Type I alveolar cells - Correct answer ✔make up 95% of the surface area and are
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
composed of thin squamous cells. Most notably, Type I cells cannot divide.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Type II alveolar cells - Correct answer ✔cuboidal cells and cover about 5% of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the alveolar surface area, though they are just as numerous. Type II cells
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
synthesize surfactant, which decreases the surface tension in the alveoli and
| | | | | | | | | | |
allows for greater ease in lung inflation. Upon lung injury, type II cells are
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
capable of proliferating into both type I and type II cells. The macrophages are
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
responsible for removing offending substances from the alveoli. | | | | | | |
Ventilation - Correct answer ✔a mechanical process that uses pressure | | | | | | | | | |
differences to move air in and out of the lungs. | | | | | | | | |
- dependent upon pressure differences to allow airflow to occur between the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
atmosphere and the lungs. | | |
inspiration - Correct answer ✔As gas (air) always moves from areas of greater
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
pressure and into areas of lesser pressure, the respiratory muscles work to
| | | | | | | | | | | |
expand the thoracic cavity, which lowers the pressure inside the lung relative to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the atmosphere, causing air to flow into the lungs.
| | | | | | | |
Pulmonary System Disorders exam with | | | | |
verified solutions |
main function of the respiratory system - Correct answer ✔gas exchange
| | | | | | | | | |
- primary goal is to get oxygen into the blood while also expelling carbon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
dioxide from the body. | | |
respiratory system can be divided into: - Correct answer ✔the conducting
| | | | | | | | | | |
airways and the respiratory tissues.
| | | |
structures that make up the conducting airways - Correct answer ✔The nasal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
passages, mouth and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
| | | | | | | |
- Air is brought in from the atmosphere and directed to the lungs through these
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
structures. Once in the lung, the respiratory tissues are where gas exchange
| | | | | | | | | | | |
takes place.
|
- most of the conducting airways are lined with ciliated pseudostratified
| | | | | | | | | | |
columnar epithelium |
- The ciliated cells protect the airway by entrapping particles and redirecting
| | | | | | | | | | | |
them back toward the oropharynx where they can be expectorated or
| | | | | | | | | | |
swallowed. Within the ciliated cells, mucus-secreting glands also secrete
| | | | | | | | |
antibacterial enzymes. The bronchus also contains smooth muscle cells, mucus
| | | | | | | | | |
glands, connective tissue, and cartilage.
| | | |
,The smaller bronchioles are made of simple epithelium. They lack cartilage and
| | | | | | | | | | |
the wall is thinner. Importantly, the alveolar wall is made for gas exchange, not
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
structural support |
tracheobronchial tree - Correct answer ✔starts at the conducting airway and | | | | | | | | | | |
branches into the lobes of the lungs, ending in the respiratory airway where gas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
exchange takes place. Altogether, as the name implies the tracheobronchial tree
| | | | | | | | | | |
consists of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
| | | | | |
trachea - Correct answer ✔- connects the larynx to the bronchi
| | | | | | | | | |
- contains C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage which prevent it from collapsing.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
- At its base, the trachea divides to form the right and left main, or primary,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
bronchi. Each main bronchus contains pulmonary arteries, veins, and lymph
| | | | | | | | | |
vessels and together enter the lung through a slit called the hilum.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
- between the main bronchi is a ridge, called the carina. It is a highly sensitive
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue that initiates violent coughing when contacted by a foreign object, such
| | | | | | | | | | | |
as by food.
| |
bronchi division: - Correct answer ✔- Upon entering the lungs, the main
| | | | | | | | | | | |
bronchi divide into secondary or lobular bronchi, supplying each lobe of the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
lungs
- the right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lung only has 2 lobes because of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
position of the heart. | | | |
- The secondary bronchi then further divide to form the segmental bronchi.
| | | | | | | | | | |
The segmental bronchi will further branch into smaller bronchi until they
| | | | | | | | | | |
become terminal bronchi—the smallest structures within the conducting
| | | | | | | |
airways. |
,- Notably, the structural composition of bronchi also changes as it branches and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
decreases in size. | | |
- Although initially composed primarily of cartilage, its composition is
| | | | | | | | | |
gradually replaced by smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
| | | | | | | |
- In fact, by the time the bronchi branches into bronchioles no cartilage is
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
present. |
- Instead, the bronchioles are primarily composed of smooth muscle and elastic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
tissue.
Branching levels: - Correct answer ✔The first 16 generations (Z) make up the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
conducting airways. Generations 17 to 23 make up the respiratory airways.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Throughout childhood, the airways increase in diameter and length. The
| | | | | | | | | |
number and size of the alveoli increase until adolescence when respiratory
| | | | | | | | | | |
development matures to that of an adult. | | | | | |
Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles as well as the alveolar ducts
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
and sacs which are located in the lobules of the lungs. Deoxygenated blood
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
enters the lungs through a pulmonary artery, and oxygenated blood exits
| | | | | | | | | | |
through a pulmonary vein. | | |
alveoli - Correct answer ✔the actual sites of gas exchange between the air and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood.
- Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood diffuses into the alveoli.
| | | |
alveolus - Correct answer ✔a sac that fills with oxygenated air when one
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
breathes in and allows that air to pass across a membrane into a blood vessel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
, (alveolar capillary). The alveolus contracts back down like a deflating balloon to
| | | | | | | | | | |
let carbon dioxide out and to begin the cycle again. Within this space,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
capillaries are abundant, allowing blood and air to constantly mix.
| | | | | | | | |
Alveolar epithelium consists of - Correct answer ✔type I and type II alveolar
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
cells, as well as macrophages.
| | | |
Type I alveolar cells - Correct answer ✔make up 95% of the surface area and are
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
composed of thin squamous cells. Most notably, Type I cells cannot divide.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Type II alveolar cells - Correct answer ✔cuboidal cells and cover about 5% of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
the alveolar surface area, though they are just as numerous. Type II cells
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
synthesize surfactant, which decreases the surface tension in the alveoli and
| | | | | | | | | | |
allows for greater ease in lung inflation. Upon lung injury, type II cells are
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
capable of proliferating into both type I and type II cells. The macrophages are
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
responsible for removing offending substances from the alveoli. | | | | | | |
Ventilation - Correct answer ✔a mechanical process that uses pressure | | | | | | | | | |
differences to move air in and out of the lungs. | | | | | | | | |
- dependent upon pressure differences to allow airflow to occur between the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
atmosphere and the lungs. | | |
inspiration - Correct answer ✔As gas (air) always moves from areas of greater
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
pressure and into areas of lesser pressure, the respiratory muscles work to
| | | | | | | | | | | |
expand the thoracic cavity, which lowers the pressure inside the lung relative to
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
the atmosphere, causing air to flow into the lungs.
| | | | | | | |
