Advanced Patho Week 8 Midterm Exam (Rated 100%)

1. What is the cellular function of metabolic absorption? - Cells can take in and use nutrients. 2. Where is most of a cell's genetic information contained? - Nucleolus 3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? - Peroxisomes 4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? - Lysosomes 5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone? - Increased retention of water 6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized? - S (S=Synthesis) 7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? - Proteins 8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? - Autoimmune and malignant disorders 9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane? - Lipid bilayer 10. What is the absolute refractory period of the action potential? - No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time 11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact? - Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules 12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? - Hormonal 13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized? - Paracrine 14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure? - Receptors 15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? - Chemical messengers such as ligands 16. Which molecule provides the second messenger necessary for extracellular communication to be activated? - Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) 17. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell? - Glycolysis 18. What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? - Oxidative phosphorylation 19. What describes passive transport? - Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion 20. What is the best example of active transport? - Movement requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy 21. Which method of transport uses transmembrane proteins with receptors with a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported? - Mediated 22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process? - Hydrostatic pressure 23. Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals? - More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes rather than by water 24. A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect will this fluid replacement have on cells? - Shrink 25. The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process? - Mediated transport 26. What transports potassium and sodium across plasma membranes? - Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme 27. What occurs during exocytosis? - a. Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes. 28. The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process? - Receptor-mediated endocytosis 29. What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? - Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive 30. The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells? - Connective tissue cells 31. What roles do cytokines play in cell reproduction? - Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development 32. What is the process of cellular reproduction? - Two diploid cells have been formed 33. What is a true statement about eukaryotic cells? - They contain compartments called organelles 34. What is true about phagocytosis? - Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria 35. A muscle cell possesses which specialized function? - Movement 36. When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function? - Secretion 37. All cells are capable of what process? - Excretion 38. What is the best description of cell cycle arrest? - The cell cycle is stopped due to damaged DNA 39. What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes? - Lipid and proteins 40. What are true statements concerning the process of mediated transport? - It can be either active or passive, and it involves transport proteins 41. What is passive transport dependent on? - Semipermeable barrier membrane, the process of osmosis, diffusion as a driving force, and hydrostatic pressure 42. What is the primary function of proteins? - Proteins are binding units, transport channels, chemical reaction catalysts, and they provide cell surface markers 43. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? - Metaplasia 44. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do? - Swell due to the influx of NaCl 45. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process? - Hyperplasia 46. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - Cardiovascular diseases such as HTN and ischemic heart disease 47. How do free radicals cause cell damage? - By giving up an electron causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane 48. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? - There is an influx of calcium ions which halts the production of ATP 49. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? - Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, which halts DNA synthesis 50. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of what? - Calcium 51. What is apoptosis? - Programmed cell death 52. A healthcare provider assesses a child whose parents report poor grades, trouble paying attention, and "naughty" behaviors. What condition should the healthcare provider facilitate testing? - Lead poisoning 53. Why does carbon monoxide cause tissue damage? - It binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen 54. What testing is ordered on a person who drinks several 6-packs of beer and wine coolers in a week? - Hepatic function 55. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because? - Sodium chloride enters the cell 56. What is the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? - A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome while an epidural hematoma forms rapidly as a result of a skull fracture 57. During a marathon, a runner is brought to the health tent with reports of nausea and weakness. What is the first thing the healthcare professional should do? - Have the person lie down