ANP 1111-FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
pyramidal tract
direct pathway from cortical neurons to peripheral nerves
paralysis
loss of motor function
paraplegia
transection between T1 and L1
quadriplegia
transection in cervical region
hemiplegia
usually due to a brain injury rather than the spinal cord
flaccid paralysis
damage to ventral roots or anterior horns so impulses don't reach muscles and there is no
voluntary/involuntary control of muscles
spastic paralysis
damage to upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex; muscles can be stimulated by spinal
reflexes (loss of voluntary control)
Anulospiral endings
endings of large axons that wrap around the spindle center, stimulated by both rate and degree of
stretch
flower spray endings
Small axons at spindle ends
Stimulated by degree of stretch only
, Babinski's sign
reflex response; when sole of the foot is stroked, the big toe turns up instead of down (normal in
newborn, but pathologic later on) - indicative of damage to the primary motor cortex or L4 to S2
are damaged
preganglionic neuron
cell body in CNS with thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon extending to ganglion
postganglionic axons
Axons that are thinner and unmyelinated and link visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia to
their targets.
crista ampullaris
-receptor for dynamic equilibrium
-located in ampulla of each semicircular canal
-responds to angular movements,
-tufts of hair cells covered with cupula, when the head moves cupula drags against endolymph
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
septum pellucidum
thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle where they communicate
later and median aperture
connect ventricles to subarachnoid space (surrounds brain)
somatotopy
point-for-point correspondence between an area of the body and an area of the CNS
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
pyramidal tract
direct pathway from cortical neurons to peripheral nerves
paralysis
loss of motor function
paraplegia
transection between T1 and L1
quadriplegia
transection in cervical region
hemiplegia
usually due to a brain injury rather than the spinal cord
flaccid paralysis
damage to ventral roots or anterior horns so impulses don't reach muscles and there is no
voluntary/involuntary control of muscles
spastic paralysis
damage to upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex; muscles can be stimulated by spinal
reflexes (loss of voluntary control)
Anulospiral endings
endings of large axons that wrap around the spindle center, stimulated by both rate and degree of
stretch
flower spray endings
Small axons at spindle ends
Stimulated by degree of stretch only
, Babinski's sign
reflex response; when sole of the foot is stroked, the big toe turns up instead of down (normal in
newborn, but pathologic later on) - indicative of damage to the primary motor cortex or L4 to S2
are damaged
preganglionic neuron
cell body in CNS with thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon extending to ganglion
postganglionic axons
Axons that are thinner and unmyelinated and link visceral motor neurons in autonomic ganglia to
their targets.
crista ampullaris
-receptor for dynamic equilibrium
-located in ampulla of each semicircular canal
-responds to angular movements,
-tufts of hair cells covered with cupula, when the head moves cupula drags against endolymph
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
septum pellucidum
thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles
interventricular foramen
connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle where they communicate
later and median aperture
connect ventricles to subarachnoid space (surrounds brain)
somatotopy
point-for-point correspondence between an area of the body and an area of the CNS
