Fetal Echo ARDMS questions and answers with
solutions
What is the most superior structure in the fetal heart? - ANSWER The Aorta
How large is the aortic isthmus in relation to the ascending and descending aorta? - ANSWER
1/3 the diameter
What is he most anterior structure in the fetal heart? - ANSWER The right ventricle
What is the normal relationship of the semilunar valves? - ANSWER The aortic valve is to the
right and posterior of the pulmonic valve.
Name the mitral valve leaflets - ANSWER
Which structure is normally visualized in the left AV groove? - ANSWER The coronary sinus.
Which fetal view is best for evaluation of the coronary sinus? - ANSWER Apical 4 chamber view
What structures form the ductal arch? - ANSWER Pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and
descending aorta
What structures must be evaluated when scanning the fetal abdomen to rule out isomerism? -
ANSWER Spleen, Liver, Aorta, IVC
What sonographic view should be used to rule out RAA? - ANSWER Three vessel view
, What differential diagnosis should be considered when the trachea is displaced? - ANSWER RAA
What is the main difference between the fetal esophagus and trachea? - ANSWER Fetal
esophagus diameter can change, whereas the tracheal diameter remains consistent.
What are the relative degree ranges for levocardia? - ANSWER 45 degress +/- 20 degrees, so 25-
65 degrees
What is the most leftward structure in the fetal heart? - ANSWER MPA
Which vessel courses superior to the left bronchus? - ANSWER LPA
Explain how the mitral E/A ratio behaves with advancing pregnancy. - ANSWER The mitral E/A
ratio increases with advancing pregnancy.
Which node functions as the pacemaker of the heart? - ANSWER Sinoatrial node
What is the normal range for the E/A ratio? - ANSWER 0.5-1.0
What is the normal fetal heart rate in the second trimester? - ANSWER 100-180bpm
Where does fetal gas exchange take place? - ANSWER The placenta
Normal fetal circulation operates in parallel - ANSWER
What is the normal pulsatility index of the PDA? - ANSWER 1.9-3.0
solutions
What is the most superior structure in the fetal heart? - ANSWER The Aorta
How large is the aortic isthmus in relation to the ascending and descending aorta? - ANSWER
1/3 the diameter
What is he most anterior structure in the fetal heart? - ANSWER The right ventricle
What is the normal relationship of the semilunar valves? - ANSWER The aortic valve is to the
right and posterior of the pulmonic valve.
Name the mitral valve leaflets - ANSWER
Which structure is normally visualized in the left AV groove? - ANSWER The coronary sinus.
Which fetal view is best for evaluation of the coronary sinus? - ANSWER Apical 4 chamber view
What structures form the ductal arch? - ANSWER Pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus and
descending aorta
What structures must be evaluated when scanning the fetal abdomen to rule out isomerism? -
ANSWER Spleen, Liver, Aorta, IVC
What sonographic view should be used to rule out RAA? - ANSWER Three vessel view
, What differential diagnosis should be considered when the trachea is displaced? - ANSWER RAA
What is the main difference between the fetal esophagus and trachea? - ANSWER Fetal
esophagus diameter can change, whereas the tracheal diameter remains consistent.
What are the relative degree ranges for levocardia? - ANSWER 45 degress +/- 20 degrees, so 25-
65 degrees
What is the most leftward structure in the fetal heart? - ANSWER MPA
Which vessel courses superior to the left bronchus? - ANSWER LPA
Explain how the mitral E/A ratio behaves with advancing pregnancy. - ANSWER The mitral E/A
ratio increases with advancing pregnancy.
Which node functions as the pacemaker of the heart? - ANSWER Sinoatrial node
What is the normal range for the E/A ratio? - ANSWER 0.5-1.0
What is the normal fetal heart rate in the second trimester? - ANSWER 100-180bpm
Where does fetal gas exchange take place? - ANSWER The placenta
Normal fetal circulation operates in parallel - ANSWER
What is the normal pulsatility index of the PDA? - ANSWER 1.9-3.0
