Fetal Echo Practice Questions and Answers with solutions.

Fetal Echo Practice Questions and Answers
with solutions

What is a common indirect sign of coarctation of the aorta? - ANSWER Right ventricular
diameter greater than left ventricular diameter

And indirect sign of narrowing of the aorta is right, ventricle to left ventricle disproportion with
the right ventricle, larger than the left ventricle caused by decreased flow in the aorta



Which type of univentricular heart is most lethal?

A. Type A

B. Туре B

C. Type C

D. Type D

E. Type E - ANSWER Type C - absent or rudimentary ventricular septum



In total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) there will always be - ANSWER an atrial
septal defect and a right-to-left shunt at the atrial level



What is the most common type of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)? -
ANSWER Supracardiac.

The supracardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) occurs most
frequently, accounting for approximately 44% of cases.



Infracardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection is associated with:

A. Shone syndrome

B. Scimitar syndrome

C. Cor triatriatum

,D. Situs inversus

E. Heterotaxy syndrome - ANSWER B. Scimitar syndrome.

Anomalous venous drainage of the right lower and middle lobes occurring in association with
right lung hypoplasia is termed the scimitar syndrome. One or more of the puimonary veins
drain anomalously into the inferior vena cava, and abnormal arterial flow goes into the right
lung.



Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection from the right lung is almost always present
with:

A. Ostium primum atrial septal defect

B. Sinus venous atrial septal defect

C. Ostium secundum atrial septal defect

D. Coronary sinus atrial septal defect

E. Atrioventricular septal defect - ANSWER B. Sinus venosus atrial septal defect



One of the first signs of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) in the fetus IS:

A. Enlarged right ventricle

B. Prominent pulmonary artery

C. Enlarged left ventricle

D. Both A and B

E. All of the above - ANSWER D. Both A (enlarged right ventricle) and B (prominent pulmonary
artery).

Diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) in the fetus is very difficult. The
right ventricle and pulmonary artery will be enlarged due to increased blood flow into the right
heart. The pulmonary veins drain directly or indirectly into the right atrium instead of the left
atrium. When enlargement of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery is present, investigation
of the pulmonary veins must be performed to rule out anomalous pulmonary venous
connections.

, Which type of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is almost always associated
with a severe obstruction?

A. Supracardiac

B. Cardiac

C. Infracardiac

D. Mixed anomalous

E. Partial anomalous - ANSWER C. Infracardiac.

in almost all cases of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) there is
some type of obstruction of the venous return to the heart. The obstruction can occur at any
level.



The cardiac defect found in all cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous return

(TAPVR) is:

A. Atrial septal defect

B. Ventricular septal defect

C. Left superior vena cava

D. Right-sided aortic arch

E. Coarctation of the aorta - ANSWER A. Atrial septal defect.

with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) there is almost always a right-to-left
shunt--atrial septa/ defect--allowing blood to return to the left heart and systemic circulation.



Hypoplasia of the right ventricle most commonly results from:

A. Tricuspid stenosis

B. Ventricular septal defect

C. Redundant foramen ovale

D. Pulmonary atresia with an intact interventricular septum