BOTSWANA OPEN UNIVERSITY
Inspire Tomorrow, Today
COLLEGE OF OPEN SCHOOLING
Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education
Chemistry
SEDIRENG MOMPATI NDOLO, Subject Specialist Programme Developer
1
,Contents
Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 1
General laboratory skills and techniques ........................................................................................ 6
Lesson 1 Separation Techniques ............................................................................................... 13
UNIT 1 MATTER......................................................................................................................... 24
TOPIC 1.1: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER ........................................................... 26
Lesson 1 Matter ........................................................................................................................ 26
Lesson 2 Diffusion .................................................................................................................... 31
TOPIC 1.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ........................................................................................ 35
Lesson 1: Structure of atoms ..................................................................................................... 35
Lesson 2 – isotopes ................................................................................................................... 45
TOPIC 1.3 PERIODIC TABLE ................................................................................................ 50
Lesson 1 Trends on the Periodic table ...................................................................................... 51
Lesson 2 Patterns in properties of elements .............................................................................. 57
TOPIC 1.4 CHEMICAL BONDING ........................................................................................ 61
Lesson 1 Ions and Ionic compounds ...................................................................................... 62
Lesson 2 Covalent bonding ....................................................................................................... 70
UNIT 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS ............................................................................................. 79
TOPIC 2.1 ENERGY CHANGES ............................................................................................ 81
Lesson 1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions ...................................................................... 81
TOPIC 2.2 RATE OF REACTION .......................................................................................... 86
Lesson 1 Rate of reaction .......................................................................................................... 86
Lesson 2 Factors that affect the rate of reaction........................................................................ 90
2
, Lesson 3 Enzymes and application of reactions in everyday life ............................................. 97
Topic 2.3 REDOX REACTIONS ........................................................................................... 101
Lesson 1 Oxidation and reduction reactions ........................................................................... 101
Topic 2.4 ELECTROLYSIS ................................................................................................... 105
Lesson 1 The process of electrolysis ....................................................................................... 105
Lesson 2 Discharge of ions and electroplating........................................................................ 112
Topic 2.5: ACIDS BASES AND SALTS ............................................................................... 119
Lesson 1 Acids and bases ........................................................................................................ 119
Lesson 2 Indicators.................................................................................................................. 128
Lesson 3 The reactions of acids .............................................................................................. 132
Lesson 4 Acids reaction with bases and reaction of bases with ammonium salts and oxides 139
Lesson 5 salts .......................................................................................................................... 147
UNIT 3 STOICHIOMETRY ...................................................................................................... 162
TOPIC 3.1: CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION .................................................... 163
Lesson 1: Symbols of elements, ions and compounds formulae............................................. 163
Lesson 2 Interpret, construct balanced chemical equations and ionic equations .................... 170
Lesson 3 Ionic equations ........................................................................................................ 173
TOPIC 3.2 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS .......................................................................... 176
Lesson 1 Relative atomic, molecular mass ............................................................................. 177
Lesson 2 Mole & Mass and avogadro’s number, NA ............................................................. 181
Lesson 3 Moles and gases & Mole and concentration ............................................................ 188
Lesson 4 Mole and chemical equations(stoichiometry) .......................................................... 196
Lesson 5 Empirical and molecular formula ............................................................................ 200
Lesson 6 % yield, % purity and% composition, ..................................................................... 206
Lesson 7 Volumetric –titrations .............................................................................................. 214
3
, UNIT 4 METALS AND NON METALS ................................................................................... 221
TOPIC 4.1 METALS .............................................................................................................. 222
Lesson 1 Properties of metals.................................................................................................. 222
Lesson 2 Reactivity series of metals ....................................................................................... 226
Lesson 3 Native metals ........................................................................................................... 235
Lesson 4 Extraction of iron ..................................................................................................... 240
Lesson 5 Steel making and other alloys .................................................................................. 245
Lesson 6 Thermal decomposition and uses of Zn,Cu and Al.................................................. 254
Topic 4.2 Non metals, chlorine and nitrogen .......................................................................... 258
Lesson 1 Properties of non metals, chlorine and ammonia. ................................................... 258
Topic 4.3 Carbon and Carbonates ........................................................................................... 264
Lesson 2 Important compounds of sodium, Allotropes and carbonates. ................................ 264
UNIT 5 CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 268
Topic 5.1 Water ....................................................................................................................... 270
Lesson 1 Properties, test hardness of water............................................................................. 270
Lesson 2 Water pollution and detergent .................................................................................. 275
Topic 5.2 Air ........................................................................................................................... 278
Lesson 1 Components of air, fractional distillation of air, uses oxygen, ozone layer and carbon
dioxide concentration in air, air pollution ............................................................................... 278
Topic 5.3 Recycling and Sources of Energy ........................................................................... 285
Lesson 1 Recyclable materials, importance of recycling and sources of energy .................... 285
UNIT 6 CARBON CHEMISTRY .............................................................................................. 289
Topic 6.1 Homologous series and alkanes. ............................................................................. 290
Lesson 1 Characteristics of a homologous series, sources of alkanes .................................... 290
Topic 6.2 Alkenes ................................................................................................................... 295
4
Inspire Tomorrow, Today
COLLEGE OF OPEN SCHOOLING
Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education
Chemistry
SEDIRENG MOMPATI NDOLO, Subject Specialist Programme Developer
1
,Contents
Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 1
General laboratory skills and techniques ........................................................................................ 6
Lesson 1 Separation Techniques ............................................................................................... 13
UNIT 1 MATTER......................................................................................................................... 24
TOPIC 1.1: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER ........................................................... 26
Lesson 1 Matter ........................................................................................................................ 26
Lesson 2 Diffusion .................................................................................................................... 31
TOPIC 1.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE ........................................................................................ 35
Lesson 1: Structure of atoms ..................................................................................................... 35
Lesson 2 – isotopes ................................................................................................................... 45
TOPIC 1.3 PERIODIC TABLE ................................................................................................ 50
Lesson 1 Trends on the Periodic table ...................................................................................... 51
Lesson 2 Patterns in properties of elements .............................................................................. 57
TOPIC 1.4 CHEMICAL BONDING ........................................................................................ 61
Lesson 1 Ions and Ionic compounds ...................................................................................... 62
Lesson 2 Covalent bonding ....................................................................................................... 70
UNIT 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS ............................................................................................. 79
TOPIC 2.1 ENERGY CHANGES ............................................................................................ 81
Lesson 1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions ...................................................................... 81
TOPIC 2.2 RATE OF REACTION .......................................................................................... 86
Lesson 1 Rate of reaction .......................................................................................................... 86
Lesson 2 Factors that affect the rate of reaction........................................................................ 90
2
, Lesson 3 Enzymes and application of reactions in everyday life ............................................. 97
Topic 2.3 REDOX REACTIONS ........................................................................................... 101
Lesson 1 Oxidation and reduction reactions ........................................................................... 101
Topic 2.4 ELECTROLYSIS ................................................................................................... 105
Lesson 1 The process of electrolysis ....................................................................................... 105
Lesson 2 Discharge of ions and electroplating........................................................................ 112
Topic 2.5: ACIDS BASES AND SALTS ............................................................................... 119
Lesson 1 Acids and bases ........................................................................................................ 119
Lesson 2 Indicators.................................................................................................................. 128
Lesson 3 The reactions of acids .............................................................................................. 132
Lesson 4 Acids reaction with bases and reaction of bases with ammonium salts and oxides 139
Lesson 5 salts .......................................................................................................................... 147
UNIT 3 STOICHIOMETRY ...................................................................................................... 162
TOPIC 3.1: CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION .................................................... 163
Lesson 1: Symbols of elements, ions and compounds formulae............................................. 163
Lesson 2 Interpret, construct balanced chemical equations and ionic equations .................... 170
Lesson 3 Ionic equations ........................................................................................................ 173
TOPIC 3.2 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS .......................................................................... 176
Lesson 1 Relative atomic, molecular mass ............................................................................. 177
Lesson 2 Mole & Mass and avogadro’s number, NA ............................................................. 181
Lesson 3 Moles and gases & Mole and concentration ............................................................ 188
Lesson 4 Mole and chemical equations(stoichiometry) .......................................................... 196
Lesson 5 Empirical and molecular formula ............................................................................ 200
Lesson 6 % yield, % purity and% composition, ..................................................................... 206
Lesson 7 Volumetric –titrations .............................................................................................. 214
3
, UNIT 4 METALS AND NON METALS ................................................................................... 221
TOPIC 4.1 METALS .............................................................................................................. 222
Lesson 1 Properties of metals.................................................................................................. 222
Lesson 2 Reactivity series of metals ....................................................................................... 226
Lesson 3 Native metals ........................................................................................................... 235
Lesson 4 Extraction of iron ..................................................................................................... 240
Lesson 5 Steel making and other alloys .................................................................................. 245
Lesson 6 Thermal decomposition and uses of Zn,Cu and Al.................................................. 254
Topic 4.2 Non metals, chlorine and nitrogen .......................................................................... 258
Lesson 1 Properties of non metals, chlorine and ammonia. ................................................... 258
Topic 4.3 Carbon and Carbonates ........................................................................................... 264
Lesson 2 Important compounds of sodium, Allotropes and carbonates. ................................ 264
UNIT 5 CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT .............................................................. 268
Topic 5.1 Water ....................................................................................................................... 270
Lesson 1 Properties, test hardness of water............................................................................. 270
Lesson 2 Water pollution and detergent .................................................................................. 275
Topic 5.2 Air ........................................................................................................................... 278
Lesson 1 Components of air, fractional distillation of air, uses oxygen, ozone layer and carbon
dioxide concentration in air, air pollution ............................................................................... 278
Topic 5.3 Recycling and Sources of Energy ........................................................................... 285
Lesson 1 Recyclable materials, importance of recycling and sources of energy .................... 285
UNIT 6 CARBON CHEMISTRY .............................................................................................. 289
Topic 6.1 Homologous series and alkanes. ............................................................................. 290
Lesson 1 Characteristics of a homologous series, sources of alkanes .................................... 290
Topic 6.2 Alkenes ................................................................................................................... 295
4
