GCD 3033 Exam I
Nucleus - answer functions: DNA replication, repair, transcription, translation, RNA
processing, ribosome assembly, import/export via. pores
double membrane
envelope breaks down during mitosis (making chromosomes accessible to spindles)
mitochondria - answer powerhouse of the cell, looks like worms, double membrane,
located at sites of high energy consumption or moving towards (dynamic)
functions: transforms pyruvate and fatty acids to ATP, water, carbon dioxide, needs O2
endosymbiosis theory - answer theory that some eukaryotic organelles, such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living prokaryotes that invaded
primitive eukaryotic cells
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - answer attached to ribosomes
functions: protein & lipid synthesis, extends from nuclear envelope
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - answersteroid
functions: protein & lipid synthesis, extends from nuclear envelope
golgi apparatus - answerstack of flattened disks, membrane compartments
functions: protein modification, trafficking
cytoskeleton - answernetwork of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep
its shape, and aids in movement
microtubules - answer***don't worry too much about these***
hollow rods that support the cell
yeast - answermodel organism
advantages: easy to grow (x2 every 1-2 hours), cell functioning, small sequence
genome
disadvantages:
, zebra fish - answermodel organism
advantages: transparent embryos - studies of early development
disadvantages:
drosophilla (fruit fly) - answermodel organism
advantages: egg to adult in 7 days, lots of offspring, used to describe principles of
heredity, understand chrom. structure
disadvantages:
worm (C. elegans) - answermodel organism
advantages: easy to grow, easy to knockout gene function by RNA interference,
transparent
disadvantages: 2-3 week life span
resolution - answerdiscriminating between 2 objects that are close, limited by
wavelength
detection - answerbeing able to know presence/absence of an object
contrast - answerdetect difference in refractive index of organelles
bright field v. phase v. DIC (differential inference _____)
staining provides ______
- red: proteins
- purple: DNA, RNA (H&E)
- fluorescent w/ antibodies: specificity to label diff. organelles
- molecular specificity: dyes emit diff. wavelengths of light, improves detection but not
resolution (because you're still using visible light)
differences between RNA & DNA - answerribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar,
Uracil instead of Thymine, single stranded not double
A & T - answer2 H bonds between them
universal cell characteristics - answerplasma membrane, central dogma, ATP, carbon-
based metabolism, share similar chemistry, evolution from common ancestor
cell theory - answerall living org. composed of cells (multi or unicellular), cell is basic
unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells
Nucleus - answer functions: DNA replication, repair, transcription, translation, RNA
processing, ribosome assembly, import/export via. pores
double membrane
envelope breaks down during mitosis (making chromosomes accessible to spindles)
mitochondria - answer powerhouse of the cell, looks like worms, double membrane,
located at sites of high energy consumption or moving towards (dynamic)
functions: transforms pyruvate and fatty acids to ATP, water, carbon dioxide, needs O2
endosymbiosis theory - answer theory that some eukaryotic organelles, such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living prokaryotes that invaded
primitive eukaryotic cells
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - answer attached to ribosomes
functions: protein & lipid synthesis, extends from nuclear envelope
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - answersteroid
functions: protein & lipid synthesis, extends from nuclear envelope
golgi apparatus - answerstack of flattened disks, membrane compartments
functions: protein modification, trafficking
cytoskeleton - answernetwork of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep
its shape, and aids in movement
microtubules - answer***don't worry too much about these***
hollow rods that support the cell
yeast - answermodel organism
advantages: easy to grow (x2 every 1-2 hours), cell functioning, small sequence
genome
disadvantages:
, zebra fish - answermodel organism
advantages: transparent embryos - studies of early development
disadvantages:
drosophilla (fruit fly) - answermodel organism
advantages: egg to adult in 7 days, lots of offspring, used to describe principles of
heredity, understand chrom. structure
disadvantages:
worm (C. elegans) - answermodel organism
advantages: easy to grow, easy to knockout gene function by RNA interference,
transparent
disadvantages: 2-3 week life span
resolution - answerdiscriminating between 2 objects that are close, limited by
wavelength
detection - answerbeing able to know presence/absence of an object
contrast - answerdetect difference in refractive index of organelles
bright field v. phase v. DIC (differential inference _____)
staining provides ______
- red: proteins
- purple: DNA, RNA (H&E)
- fluorescent w/ antibodies: specificity to label diff. organelles
- molecular specificity: dyes emit diff. wavelengths of light, improves detection but not
resolution (because you're still using visible light)
differences between RNA & DNA - answerribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar,
Uracil instead of Thymine, single stranded not double
A & T - answer2 H bonds between them
universal cell characteristics - answerplasma membrane, central dogma, ATP, carbon-
based metabolism, share similar chemistry, evolution from common ancestor
cell theory - answerall living org. composed of cells (multi or unicellular), cell is basic
unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells
