Here’s a focused list of key points from the uploaded documents tailored for a multiple-
choice exam:
Criminology Basics
1. Definition of Criminology:
○ Study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior.
○ Criminologists analyze why certain behaviors are criminalized, regulated, or
unregulated.
○ Methods address five main questions: definition, scope, explanation,
consequences, and evaluation.
2. Debates in Criminology:
○ Traditional focus: Criminal law violations.
○ Broader views: Include corporate, state crimes, and environmental harms.
○ Emerging fields: Green criminology, rural criminology, and criminology of the
Global South.
3. Key Thinkers:
○ Cesare Beccaria: Punishment proportional to crime; deterrence as a goal.
○ Durkheim: Punishment reflects collective moral values.
○ Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarian view of punishment; greatest good for the
greatest number.
○ Foucault: Punishment as a political tactic, shifting focus from crime to
controlling individuals.
Types of Crimes and Theories
1. White-Collar Crime (Sutherland):
○ Divided into occupational and corporate crime.
○ Four types: Against random victims, employers, employees, and customers.
2. State and Corporate Crime:
○ State-organized crime: Crimes by officials in pursuit of state goals.
○ Corporate crime: Harmful actions by corporations for profit.
○ State-corporate crime: Interaction between political governance and
economic production.
3. Criminological Theories:
○ Classical School: Free will and rational choice (e.g., rational choice theory,
deterrence).
○ Positivist School: Behavior determined by biological and environmental
factors.
○ Critical Theories:
■ Marxist: Crime as a product of capitalism.
■ Feminist: Examines the role of gender and patriarchy.
choice exam:
Criminology Basics
1. Definition of Criminology:
○ Study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior.
○ Criminologists analyze why certain behaviors are criminalized, regulated, or
unregulated.
○ Methods address five main questions: definition, scope, explanation,
consequences, and evaluation.
2. Debates in Criminology:
○ Traditional focus: Criminal law violations.
○ Broader views: Include corporate, state crimes, and environmental harms.
○ Emerging fields: Green criminology, rural criminology, and criminology of the
Global South.
3. Key Thinkers:
○ Cesare Beccaria: Punishment proportional to crime; deterrence as a goal.
○ Durkheim: Punishment reflects collective moral values.
○ Jeremy Bentham: Utilitarian view of punishment; greatest good for the
greatest number.
○ Foucault: Punishment as a political tactic, shifting focus from crime to
controlling individuals.
Types of Crimes and Theories
1. White-Collar Crime (Sutherland):
○ Divided into occupational and corporate crime.
○ Four types: Against random victims, employers, employees, and customers.
2. State and Corporate Crime:
○ State-organized crime: Crimes by officials in pursuit of state goals.
○ Corporate crime: Harmful actions by corporations for profit.
○ State-corporate crime: Interaction between political governance and
economic production.
3. Criminological Theories:
○ Classical School: Free will and rational choice (e.g., rational choice theory,
deterrence).
○ Positivist School: Behavior determined by biological and environmental
factors.
○ Critical Theories:
■ Marxist: Crime as a product of capitalism.
■ Feminist: Examines the role of gender and patriarchy.
