Because learning changes everything.®
Chapter 04
Cell Structure
BIOLOGY
Thirteenth Edition
Raven, Johnson, Mason, Losos,
Duncan
© 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.
, Cells
Cells were first observed using a microscope in 1665 by
Robert Hooke
Early studies of cells were conducted by
• Mathias Schleiden (1838).
• Theodor Schwann (1839).
Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells
2. Cells are the smallest living things
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
All cells today represent a continuous line of descent from
the first living cells
© McGraw Hill, LLC 2
, Cell Size Is Limited
Most cells are relatively small due to a reliance on diffusion
of substances in and out of cells
Rate of diffusion affected by
• Surface area available.
• Temperature.
• Concentration gradient.
• Distance.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 3
, Cell Surface Area and Volume
Figure 4.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 4
Chapter 04
Cell Structure
BIOLOGY
Thirteenth Edition
Raven, Johnson, Mason, Losos,
Duncan
© 2023 McGraw Hill, LLC. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, LLC.
, Cells
Cells were first observed using a microscope in 1665 by
Robert Hooke
Early studies of cells were conducted by
• Mathias Schleiden (1838).
• Theodor Schwann (1839).
Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of cells
2. Cells are the smallest living things
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells
All cells today represent a continuous line of descent from
the first living cells
© McGraw Hill, LLC 2
, Cell Size Is Limited
Most cells are relatively small due to a reliance on diffusion
of substances in and out of cells
Rate of diffusion affected by
• Surface area available.
• Temperature.
• Concentration gradient.
• Distance.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 3
, Cell Surface Area and Volume
Figure 4.1 Access the text alternative for slide images.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 4
