1
AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2
GUIDE/COPMREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED/NEWEST UPDATE✓
Wilhelm Wundt
Ans: - First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection
Ans: Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their
conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism
Ans: Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the
use of the scientific method
Scientific Method
Ans: The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt
Pretest - Stuvia US
,2
Ans: - methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are
behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach
Ans: - its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning
Ans: Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an
unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is
able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps
Ans: UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC
Pretest - Stuvia US
,3
Ans: - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning
Ans: Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is
more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement
Ans: Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement
Ans: Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement
Ans: Strengthening a response
Punishment
Ans: An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning
Ans: - Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Pretest - Stuvia US
, 4
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning
Ans: - Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have
different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning
Ans: - Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling
Ans: Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation
Ans: Copying a models behaviour
Identification
Ans: Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they
want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement
Ans: Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's
experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes
Pretest - Stuvia US
AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2
GUIDE/COPMREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
VERIFIED/NEWEST UPDATE✓
Wilhelm Wundt
Ans: - First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection
Ans: Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by examining their
conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism
Ans: Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised by the
use of the scientific method
Scientific Method
Ans: The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt
Pretest - Stuvia US
,2
Ans: - methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are
behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach
Ans: - its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning
Ans: Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an
unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus and is
able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps
Ans: UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC
Pretest - Stuvia US
,3
Ans: - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning
Ans: Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or punishment, a behaviour is
more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement
Ans: Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement
Ans: Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement
Ans: Strengthening a response
Punishment
Ans: An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning
Ans: - Scheduling reinforcement makes it stronger
- Punishment
Pretest - Stuvia US
, 4
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning
Ans: - Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have
different needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning
Ans: - Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling
Ans: Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation
Ans: Copying a models behaviour
Identification
Ans: Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model because they
want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement
Ans: Individuals learn about the likely consequences by observing a model's
experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes
Pretest - Stuvia US
