AC-HPAT Chemistry with Complete
Solutions
Additional Reactions - ANSWER-Addition reactions occur when an atom is added to a
compound that has a double or triple bond. Unsaturated compounds are associated
with addition reactions. ... Atoms can also be added to molecules in an addition
reaction. However, atoms or molecules will never be eliminated or removed during this
process.
Alcohol - ANSWER-alcohol is an organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl
functional group (−OH) bound to a saturated carbon atom. ... An important class of
alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members, includes all
compounds for which the general formula is CnH2n+1OH.
Aldehyde - ANSWER-aldehyde is a compound containing a functional group with the
structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen)
with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic
alkyl or side chain.
Alkane - ANSWER-an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other
meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of
hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon
bonds are single.
Alkenes - ANSWER-Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon
and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than
alkanes due to the presence of the double bond
Alkyne - ANSWER-An alkyne is a molecule that has a triple bond between two carbon
atoms. They have general formula CnH2n-2. They are also called acetylenes. The
smallest alkyne is acetylene, also called ethyne. Alkynes are hydrophobic: this means
they dissolve well in organic solvents but not in water.
Amines - ANSWER-Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group
(these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both
types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).
Ammonia - ANSWER-Ammonia is industrially prepared by the Haber process, a
chemical method that uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to synthesize ammonia. One
, nitrogen gas molecule reacts with three hydrogen gas molecules over finely divided iron
as a catalyst to produce two ammonia molecules.
Anode vs Cathode - ANSWER-The anode of a device is the terminal where current
flows in from outside. The cathode of a device is the terminal where current flows out. ...
By current we mean the positive conventional current. Since electrons are negatively
charged, positive current flowing in is the same as electrons flowing out.
aspirin - ANSWER-Aspirin can be made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid in the
presence of an acid catalyst. The phenol group on the salicylic acid forms an ester with
the carboxyl group on the acetic acid. However, this reaction is slow and has a relatively
low yield
Avogadro's number - ANSWER-Avogadro's number: the number 6.022 × 1023
indicating the number of atoms or molecules in a mole of any substance. — called also
Avogadro number.
Carbon Monoxide - ANSWER-Carbon monoxide is a relatively unreactive gas under
ambient air conditions and is not absorbed by building materials or ventilation system
filters. Therefore, in the absence of indoor carbon monoxide sources, the indoor air
concentration is the same as the concentration of ventilated or infiltrating outdoor air.
carboxylic acid - ANSWER-carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a
carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, with R
referring to the alkyl group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include
the amino acids and acetic acid.
cathodic protection - ANSWER-Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique used to control
the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. A
simple method of protection connects the metal to be protected to a more easily
corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode.
Chemical Synthesis - ANSWER-Chemical synthesis, the construction of complex
chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is the process by which many substances
important to daily life are obtained. It is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but
most syntheses are of organic molecules.
Chlorofluorocarbons - ANSWER-Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, non-
flammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are used
in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials,
as solvents, and as refrigerants.
Combustion Reaction - ANSWER-A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a
substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat.
Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one reactant. The combustion of hydrogen
Solutions
Additional Reactions - ANSWER-Addition reactions occur when an atom is added to a
compound that has a double or triple bond. Unsaturated compounds are associated
with addition reactions. ... Atoms can also be added to molecules in an addition
reaction. However, atoms or molecules will never be eliminated or removed during this
process.
Alcohol - ANSWER-alcohol is an organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl
functional group (−OH) bound to a saturated carbon atom. ... An important class of
alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members, includes all
compounds for which the general formula is CnH2n+1OH.
Aldehyde - ANSWER-aldehyde is a compound containing a functional group with the
structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen)
with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic
alkyl or side chain.
Alkane - ANSWER-an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other
meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of
hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon-carbon
bonds are single.
Alkenes - ANSWER-Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon
and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Alkenes are more reactive than
alkanes due to the presence of the double bond
Alkyne - ANSWER-An alkyne is a molecule that has a triple bond between two carbon
atoms. They have general formula CnH2n-2. They are also called acetylenes. The
smallest alkyne is acetylene, also called ethyne. Alkynes are hydrophobic: this means
they dissolve well in organic solvents but not in water.
Amines - ANSWER-Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group
(these may respectively be called alkylamines and arylamines; amines in which both
types of substituent are attached to one nitrogen atom may be called alkylarylamines).
Ammonia - ANSWER-Ammonia is industrially prepared by the Haber process, a
chemical method that uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to synthesize ammonia. One
, nitrogen gas molecule reacts with three hydrogen gas molecules over finely divided iron
as a catalyst to produce two ammonia molecules.
Anode vs Cathode - ANSWER-The anode of a device is the terminal where current
flows in from outside. The cathode of a device is the terminal where current flows out. ...
By current we mean the positive conventional current. Since electrons are negatively
charged, positive current flowing in is the same as electrons flowing out.
aspirin - ANSWER-Aspirin can be made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid in the
presence of an acid catalyst. The phenol group on the salicylic acid forms an ester with
the carboxyl group on the acetic acid. However, this reaction is slow and has a relatively
low yield
Avogadro's number - ANSWER-Avogadro's number: the number 6.022 × 1023
indicating the number of atoms or molecules in a mole of any substance. — called also
Avogadro number.
Carbon Monoxide - ANSWER-Carbon monoxide is a relatively unreactive gas under
ambient air conditions and is not absorbed by building materials or ventilation system
filters. Therefore, in the absence of indoor carbon monoxide sources, the indoor air
concentration is the same as the concentration of ventilated or infiltrating outdoor air.
carboxylic acid - ANSWER-carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a
carboxyl group (C(=O)OH). The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, with R
referring to the alkyl group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include
the amino acids and acetic acid.
cathodic protection - ANSWER-Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique used to control
the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. A
simple method of protection connects the metal to be protected to a more easily
corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode.
Chemical Synthesis - ANSWER-Chemical synthesis, the construction of complex
chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is the process by which many substances
important to daily life are obtained. It is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but
most syntheses are of organic molecules.
Chlorofluorocarbons - ANSWER-Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, non-
flammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They are used
in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials,
as solvents, and as refrigerants.
Combustion Reaction - ANSWER-A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a
substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing energy in the form of light and heat.
Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one reactant. The combustion of hydrogen
