Engels: Taalsysteem en cultuur 1
1. Grammar
1.1. Tenses
= patterns of a language through wich meaning is created and shared
There are 2 aspects of a grammatical structure:
1. Communicative function
o What you can express with language
2. Form (spoken and written)
o How a structure is formed
One function can be expressed by various structures
One structure can express various functions
Time vs. tense
Time = when
o Past – present – future
Tense = form of a verb
o Helps us to know WHEN something happend
Timelines
= a way to present/visualise how tenses relate to time
1.2. The noun
= basic building blocks of a sentence
1.2.1. Plural
Regural nouns
Ending in most consonants and vowels
o +s
Ending in consonant + y
o +ies
Ending in vowel + y
o +s
Ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, -z
o +es
Ending in -f of -fe
o +ves
Ending in consonant + o
o +es
Ending in vowel + o
o +s
Irregular plurals
Quizlet
, Pronunciation
[s]
o After voiceless sounds [p], [t], [k], [f]
e.g. weeks, shops, briefs
[z]
o After voiced sounds [b], [d], [g], [l], [r], [m], [n], [v] and vowel sounds
e.g. webs, roads, delays
[iz]
o After [t], [dʒ], [s], [z], [x] = hissing sounds
e.g. watches, boxes, slices
Gender
Quizlet
Countable and uncountable nouns
Quantifying uncountable nouns = determiner + countable non + of + uncountable noun
e.g.
A piece of furniture
A slice of bread/toast
A bit/word/piece of advice
A cup of coffee
A bar of soap
A dose of medicine
A spot/spec of dirt
A fragment/sliver of glass
A tube of toothpaste
A cup/bowl of soup
A bottle/carton of milk
A jar of jam
A box of matches
Agreement
Nouns ending in -s + verb
Uncountable nouns ending in -s: singular verb
e.g. politics, measles
Nouns referring to one objects divided in part: plural verb
e.g. scissors
Plural subject but single entity: singular verb
e.g. twenty-four hours
Collective noun + verb
Focus on whole entity: singular verb
e.g. The family has agreed
Focus on individuals in the group: plural verb
e.g. The familiy are all gathering
Some are always plural
o Police, people, cattle (vee), clergy (religious), vermin (ongedierte), nobility (adel),
poultry (gevogelte), royalty (koningshuis)
1. Grammar
1.1. Tenses
= patterns of a language through wich meaning is created and shared
There are 2 aspects of a grammatical structure:
1. Communicative function
o What you can express with language
2. Form (spoken and written)
o How a structure is formed
One function can be expressed by various structures
One structure can express various functions
Time vs. tense
Time = when
o Past – present – future
Tense = form of a verb
o Helps us to know WHEN something happend
Timelines
= a way to present/visualise how tenses relate to time
1.2. The noun
= basic building blocks of a sentence
1.2.1. Plural
Regural nouns
Ending in most consonants and vowels
o +s
Ending in consonant + y
o +ies
Ending in vowel + y
o +s
Ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -x, -z
o +es
Ending in -f of -fe
o +ves
Ending in consonant + o
o +es
Ending in vowel + o
o +s
Irregular plurals
Quizlet
, Pronunciation
[s]
o After voiceless sounds [p], [t], [k], [f]
e.g. weeks, shops, briefs
[z]
o After voiced sounds [b], [d], [g], [l], [r], [m], [n], [v] and vowel sounds
e.g. webs, roads, delays
[iz]
o After [t], [dʒ], [s], [z], [x] = hissing sounds
e.g. watches, boxes, slices
Gender
Quizlet
Countable and uncountable nouns
Quantifying uncountable nouns = determiner + countable non + of + uncountable noun
e.g.
A piece of furniture
A slice of bread/toast
A bit/word/piece of advice
A cup of coffee
A bar of soap
A dose of medicine
A spot/spec of dirt
A fragment/sliver of glass
A tube of toothpaste
A cup/bowl of soup
A bottle/carton of milk
A jar of jam
A box of matches
Agreement
Nouns ending in -s + verb
Uncountable nouns ending in -s: singular verb
e.g. politics, measles
Nouns referring to one objects divided in part: plural verb
e.g. scissors
Plural subject but single entity: singular verb
e.g. twenty-four hours
Collective noun + verb
Focus on whole entity: singular verb
e.g. The family has agreed
Focus on individuals in the group: plural verb
e.g. The familiy are all gathering
Some are always plural
o Police, people, cattle (vee), clergy (religious), vermin (ongedierte), nobility (adel),
poultry (gevogelte), royalty (koningshuis)
