BIO 163 Final Exam Study Guide Study
Questions and verified solutions
ANATOMY- the study of the structure of the body
PHYSIOLOGY- the study of the functions of the body (The study of how the kidneys filter blood to
produce urine.) - ANSW-Chapter 1:
Define anatomy and physiology.
1: Atom
2: Molecule
3. Macromolecule
4: Organelles
5: Cells
6: Tissue
7: Organ
8: Organ System
9: Organism - ANSW-List the levels of organization in the human body.
Stable internal environment. Factors in our external environment are constantly changing.
-Negative feedback to maintain hemostasis - ANSW-Define homeostasis. What type of feedback
mechanism is most commonly used by the body to maintain homeostasis?
FRONTAL PLANE: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
SAGITTAL PLANE: divides the body into right and left portions. Divide into equal parts. (A plane that
would separate the two lungs.)
TRANSVERSE PLANE: divide the body into superior and inferior portions. (A plane that would separate
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.)
OBLIQUE PLANE: a plane at an angle - ANSW-Describe the sections created by a frontal plane, sagittal
plane, transverse plane, and oblique plane.
Atoms - ANSW-Chapter 2:
•________ are the smallest unit of matter.
An atom consists of central portion called the nucleus, one or more electrons that constantly move
around it also contains large particles called protons(+) and one or more neutrons (-). (Location of
protons & neutrons in a nucleus) - ANSW-Describe the structure of an atom.
IONIC: A type of bond where one atom gains an electron while another atom loses an electron.
(Transferred between atoms)
covalent: bonds can be single, double, or triple; shared between atoms
, HYDROGEN: weak-more of attraction - ANSW-Describe the following bonds: ionic, covalent (single,
double, triple), and hydrogen.
ACIDS: have pH less than 7.0, lower pH=more acidic the substance, release hydrogen ions (A substance
with a pH of 6.7.)
BASES: bond hydrogen ions in water; higher pH=more basic the substance - ANSW-Describe the
properties of acids and bases.
-system that indicates the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution
lower pH=more acidic the substance
higher pH=more basic the substance - ANSW-Describe the pH scale.
CARBOHYDRATES: building blocks are monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
LIPIDS: building blocks are fatty acids & glycerol (The building blocks of glycogen.)
PROTEINS: building blocks are amino acids=amino acids are connected by peptide bonds (A compound
made of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.)
NUCLEIC ACIDS: control protein synthesis; building blocks are nucleotides. - ANSW-The 4 groups of
organic compounds are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. List the building blocks for each
of these compounds.
regulates the movement of substances in and out of cell, allows cells to signal with other cells and
adhere to other cells - ANSW-Chapters 3 & 4:
•Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
responsible for making the cell's energy. - ANSW-Describe the function of the mitochondria in the cell.
PASSIVE: do NOT require energy
ACTIVE: DO require energy - ANSW-What is the main difference between passive and active transport
mechanisms?
DIFFUSION: molecules move from an area of greater concentration to lesser (A type of passive transport
in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.)
FACILITATED: molecules moving from high to low concentration with help of membrane protein.
OSMOSIS: diffusion of water; water moves from an area of more water to an area of less water
FILTRATION: move from an area of higher pressure to an lower pressure - ANSW-Describe the following
types of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
PROPHASE: chromosomes are visible, centrioles pairs move to opposite ends of cell, nuclear envelope &
nucleous disappear, spindle fiber forms from the centrioles
METAPHASE: chromosome line up in the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of
each chromosome.
ANAPHASE: The phase of mitosis where the chromatids split and move towards opposite ends of the
cell.
Questions and verified solutions
ANATOMY- the study of the structure of the body
PHYSIOLOGY- the study of the functions of the body (The study of how the kidneys filter blood to
produce urine.) - ANSW-Chapter 1:
Define anatomy and physiology.
1: Atom
2: Molecule
3. Macromolecule
4: Organelles
5: Cells
6: Tissue
7: Organ
8: Organ System
9: Organism - ANSW-List the levels of organization in the human body.
Stable internal environment. Factors in our external environment are constantly changing.
-Negative feedback to maintain hemostasis - ANSW-Define homeostasis. What type of feedback
mechanism is most commonly used by the body to maintain homeostasis?
FRONTAL PLANE: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
SAGITTAL PLANE: divides the body into right and left portions. Divide into equal parts. (A plane that
would separate the two lungs.)
TRANSVERSE PLANE: divide the body into superior and inferior portions. (A plane that would separate
the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.)
OBLIQUE PLANE: a plane at an angle - ANSW-Describe the sections created by a frontal plane, sagittal
plane, transverse plane, and oblique plane.
Atoms - ANSW-Chapter 2:
•________ are the smallest unit of matter.
An atom consists of central portion called the nucleus, one or more electrons that constantly move
around it also contains large particles called protons(+) and one or more neutrons (-). (Location of
protons & neutrons in a nucleus) - ANSW-Describe the structure of an atom.
IONIC: A type of bond where one atom gains an electron while another atom loses an electron.
(Transferred between atoms)
covalent: bonds can be single, double, or triple; shared between atoms
, HYDROGEN: weak-more of attraction - ANSW-Describe the following bonds: ionic, covalent (single,
double, triple), and hydrogen.
ACIDS: have pH less than 7.0, lower pH=more acidic the substance, release hydrogen ions (A substance
with a pH of 6.7.)
BASES: bond hydrogen ions in water; higher pH=more basic the substance - ANSW-Describe the
properties of acids and bases.
-system that indicates the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution
lower pH=more acidic the substance
higher pH=more basic the substance - ANSW-Describe the pH scale.
CARBOHYDRATES: building blocks are monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
LIPIDS: building blocks are fatty acids & glycerol (The building blocks of glycogen.)
PROTEINS: building blocks are amino acids=amino acids are connected by peptide bonds (A compound
made of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds.)
NUCLEIC ACIDS: control protein synthesis; building blocks are nucleotides. - ANSW-The 4 groups of
organic compounds are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. List the building blocks for each
of these compounds.
regulates the movement of substances in and out of cell, allows cells to signal with other cells and
adhere to other cells - ANSW-Chapters 3 & 4:
•Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
responsible for making the cell's energy. - ANSW-Describe the function of the mitochondria in the cell.
PASSIVE: do NOT require energy
ACTIVE: DO require energy - ANSW-What is the main difference between passive and active transport
mechanisms?
DIFFUSION: molecules move from an area of greater concentration to lesser (A type of passive transport
in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.)
FACILITATED: molecules moving from high to low concentration with help of membrane protein.
OSMOSIS: diffusion of water; water moves from an area of more water to an area of less water
FILTRATION: move from an area of higher pressure to an lower pressure - ANSW-Describe the following
types of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
PROPHASE: chromosomes are visible, centrioles pairs move to opposite ends of cell, nuclear envelope &
nucleous disappear, spindle fiber forms from the centrioles
METAPHASE: chromosome line up in the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to the centromere of
each chromosome.
ANAPHASE: The phase of mitosis where the chromatids split and move towards opposite ends of the
cell.
