DPH EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
statistics - Answers :allow us to understand information and make clinical decisions
based on available data form many sources
descriptive statistics - Answers :procedures used to describe, summarize/organize
quantitative data (with tables & graphs)
inferential statistics - Answers :inferences or generalizations about a population based
on data taken from a sample of that population
-*relationships or differences* between variables
biostatistics - Answers :data related to living organisms
*involves use of data analysis and interpretation in research
data analysis - Answers :organize, describe, summarize, and analyze data to answer a
research question or test a hypothesis
measurement - Answers :the assigning of numbers to indicate different values of
variables
4 scales of measurement - Answers :NOMINAL
ORDINAL
INTERVAL
RATIO
Nominal - Answers :organizes data into mutually exclusive categories
-categories have NO RANK IN ORDER OR VALUE
ex. football jersey numbers (cannot be added subtracted, etc)
Ordinal - Answers :order in measurement, provides nominal information and indicates
direction
ex. Low, Medium, High, 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Interval - Answers :ordinal scale but has equal distance between any two adjacent units
of measurement
ex. clock time difference between 1 and 2 and 5 and 6 is the same
Ratio - Answers :has an absolute zero point, permits comparisons to be made
standard deviation - Answers :measure of how spread out numbers are
correlation - Answers :degree to which two variables move in sync with one another
measures of variance - Answers :indicate distribution of the data around the center
, measure of central tendency - Answers :what is typical for the average subject
mean, median, mode
mean - Answers :average
median - Answers :midpoint of data
mode - Answers :value that occurs most often
most occurences in the world fall into a bell curve also called - Answers :normal
distribution or gaussian distribution
normal distribution - Answers :arrangement of data set in which most values cluster in
the middle of the range and the rest taper off symmetrically toward ethier extreme
** central limit theorem - Answers :normal distribution is the foundation of central limit
theorem
** less sampling error will occur with a larger sample
skewed distribution - Answers :distribution of scores is aysmmetrical, the curve is said
to be distorted or skewed
-few extreme scores in distribution
parametric statistics - Answers :used for hypothesis testing when the data meet certain
assumptions
types- student t test
pearsons correlation coefficent
analysis of variance ANOVA
nonparametric statistics - Answers :hypothesis test that does not require the population
to be characterized by certain parameters
sample size is small
correlation studies - Answers :relationship between variables, determines direction of
relationship
positive if x and y increase
negative if x and y decrease
0= no correlation exists
*** CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSALITY
Causality - Answers :cause and effect certain exposure will result in certain outcome
**research/alternative hypothesis (H1) - Answers :statement posing that there is a
relationship between variables
a specific intervention makes a difference and has an effect
statistics - Answers :allow us to understand information and make clinical decisions
based on available data form many sources
descriptive statistics - Answers :procedures used to describe, summarize/organize
quantitative data (with tables & graphs)
inferential statistics - Answers :inferences or generalizations about a population based
on data taken from a sample of that population
-*relationships or differences* between variables
biostatistics - Answers :data related to living organisms
*involves use of data analysis and interpretation in research
data analysis - Answers :organize, describe, summarize, and analyze data to answer a
research question or test a hypothesis
measurement - Answers :the assigning of numbers to indicate different values of
variables
4 scales of measurement - Answers :NOMINAL
ORDINAL
INTERVAL
RATIO
Nominal - Answers :organizes data into mutually exclusive categories
-categories have NO RANK IN ORDER OR VALUE
ex. football jersey numbers (cannot be added subtracted, etc)
Ordinal - Answers :order in measurement, provides nominal information and indicates
direction
ex. Low, Medium, High, 1st, 2nd, 3rd
Interval - Answers :ordinal scale but has equal distance between any two adjacent units
of measurement
ex. clock time difference between 1 and 2 and 5 and 6 is the same
Ratio - Answers :has an absolute zero point, permits comparisons to be made
standard deviation - Answers :measure of how spread out numbers are
correlation - Answers :degree to which two variables move in sync with one another
measures of variance - Answers :indicate distribution of the data around the center
, measure of central tendency - Answers :what is typical for the average subject
mean, median, mode
mean - Answers :average
median - Answers :midpoint of data
mode - Answers :value that occurs most often
most occurences in the world fall into a bell curve also called - Answers :normal
distribution or gaussian distribution
normal distribution - Answers :arrangement of data set in which most values cluster in
the middle of the range and the rest taper off symmetrically toward ethier extreme
** central limit theorem - Answers :normal distribution is the foundation of central limit
theorem
** less sampling error will occur with a larger sample
skewed distribution - Answers :distribution of scores is aysmmetrical, the curve is said
to be distorted or skewed
-few extreme scores in distribution
parametric statistics - Answers :used for hypothesis testing when the data meet certain
assumptions
types- student t test
pearsons correlation coefficent
analysis of variance ANOVA
nonparametric statistics - Answers :hypothesis test that does not require the population
to be characterized by certain parameters
sample size is small
correlation studies - Answers :relationship between variables, determines direction of
relationship
positive if x and y increase
negative if x and y decrease
0= no correlation exists
*** CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSALITY
Causality - Answers :cause and effect certain exposure will result in certain outcome
**research/alternative hypothesis (H1) - Answers :statement posing that there is a
relationship between variables
a specific intervention makes a difference and has an effect
