ONS-ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy
Certificate Exam Latest 2025 Questions And
Answers (Verified Answers)
Growth Signals - ANSWER>>-cancer cells are able to find their own growth
signals making them self-sufficient
Signal transduction - ANSWER>>-the communication or passage of a
message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein,
divide, or make new blood vessels
Signal transduction steps - ANSWER>>1. Messages usually sent from
outside the cell where the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor
which extended through the cell membrane
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER>>-The cell cycle refers to the ordered
seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER>>Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
,During interphase: - ANSWER>>Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER>>-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER>>-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER>>-Replicated chromosomes are
aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
,-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER>>-G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ANSWER>>-The transition from the resting phase into
an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation
can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a
restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to
send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER>>-After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANSWER>>-
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
, -granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER>>Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
ANSWER>>http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_vi
ew0/chapter 2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANSWER>>-
The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division
can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to
cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression
through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -
ANSWER>>1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the
cell cycle
Certificate Exam Latest 2025 Questions And
Answers (Verified Answers)
Growth Signals - ANSWER>>-cancer cells are able to find their own growth
signals making them self-sufficient
Signal transduction - ANSWER>>-the communication or passage of a
message telling the cell to do a biologic process, such as make a protein,
divide, or make new blood vessels
Signal transduction steps - ANSWER>>1. Messages usually sent from
outside the cell where the messenger (ligand) first binds to the cell receptor
which extended through the cell membrane
The Normal Cell Cycle - ANSWER>>-The cell cycle refers to the ordered
seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing
complexes molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - ANSWER>>Cell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
,During interphase: - ANSWER>>Cell grows and DNA is replicated through
the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - ANSWER>>-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - ANSWER>>-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - ANSWER>>-Replicated chromosomes are
aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
,-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - ANSWER>>-G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - ANSWER>>-The transition from the resting phase into
an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation
can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a
restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to
send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - ANSWER>>-After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - ANSWER>>-
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
, -granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - ANSWER>>Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
ANSWER>>http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_vi
ew0/chapter 2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - ANSWER>>-
The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division
can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to
cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression
through mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -
ANSWER>>1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the
cell cycle
