COSC 275 Final Exam Palmer 2025 Brand New

Estimating - -The process of determining the anticipated cost of materials, labor, and equipment of a proposed project. Take-off - -The process in which detailed lists are compiled, based on drawings and specifications, of all the material and equipment necessary to construct a project. The cost estimator uses this list to calculate how much it will cost to build the project. Quantities - -Measured amounts of construction items expressed in their customary units. Quantification - -In estimating an activity to translate project scope information into resource quantities suitable for Quantity survey - -A detailed analysis of material and equipment required to construct a project. Area - -A measurement of a given planar region or of the surface of a solid. Area method - -A construction cost estimating system employing unit square foot costs multiplied by the adjusted gross floor area of a building. Length - -The longest dimension of an object. Linear measurement - -A unit or system of units for measuring length: 12" = 1', 3' = 1 yard, 1 yard = 0.9144 meters, 1 mile = 5,280 feet. Dimension - -A distance between two points, lines, or planes. Specifications - -Documents that define the qualitative requirements for products, materials, and workmanship upon which the contract for construction is based. Drawings - -Graphic illustrations depicting the dimensions, design, and location of a project. Generally including plans, elevations, details, diagrams, schedules, and sections. Addendum - -A document describing an addition, change, correction, or modification to contract documents. An addendum is issued by the design professional during the bidding period or prior to the award of contract, and is the primary method of informing bidders of modifications to the work during the bidding process. Addenda become part of the contract documents. COSC 275 COSC 275 Amendment - -A modification of the contract by a subsequent agreement. This does not change the entire existing contract but does alter the terms of the affected provisions or requirements. Grade - -The surface or level of the ground. Level - -A term used to describe any horizontal surface that has all points at the same elevation and thus does not tilt or slope. Site - -The location of a project geographically, usually defined by legal boundaries. Elevation - -A vertical distance relative to a reference point. Cut and fill - -An operation commonly used in road building and other rock and earth moving operations in which the material excavated and removed from one location is used as fill material at another location. Fill - -The soil or other material used to raise the grade of a site area. Foundation - -The entire masonry substructure below the first floor or frame of a building, including the footing upon which the building rests. Grade beam - -A horizontal end-supported (as opposed to ground-supported) load bearing foundation member that supports an exterior wall of a superstructure. Width - -The measurement or extent of something from side to side. Footing - -That portion of the foundation of a structure that spreads and transmits the load directly to the soil. Reinforced concrete - -Concrete containing adequate reinforcement, prestressed or not prestressed, and designed on the assumption that the two materials (steel and concrete) act together in resisting forces. Reinforcing bar - -A steel bar, usually with manufactured deformations, used in concrete and masonry construction to provide additional strength. Footing beam - -A reinforced concrete beam connecting pile caps or spread footings to distribute horizontal loads caused by eccentric loading. Bolster - -In concrete, an individual or continuous support used to hold reinforcing bars in position. Usually used in slab work. Pan construction - -A type of concrete floor or roof in which pan forms are used to create intersecting ribs and resulting in a waffle-like undersurface. COSC 275 COSC 275 Formwork - -The total system of support for freshly placed concrete, including the mold or sheathing that contacts the concrete, as well as all supporting members, hardware, and necessary bracing. Potential Vertical Rise - -expressed in inches (mm) is the latent or potential ability of a soil material to swell, at a given density, moisture, and loading condition, when exposed to capillary or surface water, and thereby increase the elevation of its upper surface, along with anything resting on it. Liquid Limit (LL) - -Is the moisture content expressed as a percentage of the weight of oven dried soil, at which soil changes from a plastic to a liquid state. Plasticity Index - -The plasticity index is a range of moisture in which a soil remains in a plastic state, while passing from a semisolid state to a liquid state. Overburden - -Overburden is the soil above the layer or layers being investigated. Layer - -A horizontal soil structure of uniform or nearly uniform material. When the material changes due to moisture, density, or composition, a new layer is considered to have been created. Loading - -The load (vertical pressure) per unit area in a lb/ft2 (kPa) from both the structure and overburden of each layer of soil involved. Compaction tests - -Tests employed to determine the density of a soil. Percolation - -The movement of a fluid through a soil. Select material - -Excavated pervious soil suitable for use as a foundation for a granular base course of a road, or for bedding around pipes. Expansive soil - -Soil that expands when water is added and shrinks when it dries out. This change in soil volume can cause shifting and cracking in structures. Column - -A long, relatively slender, supporting pillar Beam - -A horizontal structural member, such as a girder, rafter, or purlin, that transversely supports a load and transfers the load to vertical members, such as columns and walls. The graduated horizontal bar of a weighing scale. Girder - -A large, principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or a combination of the two used to support other structural members at isolated points along its length. COSC 275 COSC 275 Joist - -Parallel beams of lumber, concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling systems. Load-bearing wall - -A wall specifically designed and built to support an imposed load in addition to its own weight. Anchor bolts - -A threaded bolt, usually embedded in a foundation, for securing a sill, framework, or machinery. Envelope - -A term used to denote the extreme outside surface and dimensions of a building. Wythe - -Each continuous vertical section of a wall one masonry unit in thickness. Course - -A single unit counted horizontally Tilt-up - -A method of concrete construction in which members are cast horizontally at a location adjacent to their eventual position and tilted into place after removal of forms. Metal framing - -Commonly used for fire-rated construction around columns and at beams. Dampproofing - -An application of a water-resisting treatment or material to the surface of a concrete or masonry wall to prevent passage or absorption of water or moisture. Can also be accomplished by using an admixture in the concrete mix. Air Barriers - -A component of the building envelope system that prohibits air leakage into a building and reduces the risk of condensation build up. House wrap and fluid-applied air barriers are examples. Sheathing - -Plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, or lumber used to close up side walls, floors, or roofs preparatory to the installation of finish materials on the sur