BSC 108 University of Alabama Exam 2

The process of photosynthesis does what? - -captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules Equation for Photosynthesis in Words - -water + carbon Dioxide + light energy -- glucose + oxygen Equation for Photosynthesis - -6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy -- C6H12O6 + 6O2 Water enters plants through. - -their roots Carbon Dioxide enters plants through? - -pores in the leaf called stomata Photosynthesis occurs in? - -chloroplast Structure of a chloroplast - -stroma, thylakoid membrane, grana, inner and outer membrane Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the? - -inner thylakoid membrane The primary function of plant pigments is. - -to absorb solar energy What happens in light dependent reactions? - -Energy from sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy (ATP) Where do light dependent reactions take place? - -thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts What is a light independent reaction called? - -Calvin Cycle What happens in light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)? - -Uses CO2 and the ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions to produce sugar/glucose. In the Calvin Cycle, ATP is used to? - -provide the energy for sugar synthesis In the Calvin Cycle, NADPH is used for? - -electrons in the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugar Where do light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur? - -the area in the chloroplast called the stroma Leaves are green because? - -chlorophyll molecules absorb violet-blue and red light, but reflect or transmit green-yellow light BSC108 BSC108 Process of light dependent reactions - -chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and ejects an electron, which is passed down an electron chain, and water is split, releasing O2 Requirements for light dependent reactions - -H2O, ADP, and NADP+ Products for light-dependent reactions - -O2 and the energy-storing compounds ATP and NADH Requirements for light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) - -ATP, NADPH, CO2, a five-carbon sugar called RuBP, and the enzyme rubisco Products for light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) - -Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), which can be used to make glucose Carbon dioxide is fixed during? - -The Calvin Cycle How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 photosynthesis? - -C3 photosynthesis produces a three-carbon compound via the Calvin Cycle while C4 photosynthesis makes an intermediate four-carbon compound that splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin Cycle C3 Photosynthesis - -The most common form of photosynthesis- a one-stage process in which atmospheric CO2 is used to form 3-phosphoglycerate, a three-carbon sugar C4 photosynthesis - -The two-stage photosynthetic pathway in which CO2 is first fixed in mesophyll cells to form 4-carbon acids, and then the 4-carbon acids are broken down into 3-carbon acids in the bundle sheath cells Examples of C4 plants - -sugarcane and corn Why do some plants use C4 photosynthesis? - -It is an adaptation for hot and dry weather Photosynthesis - -the process that stores energy in the form of glucose Cellular Respiration - -the process that releases energy from glucose An oxidation reaction involves? - -the loss of electrons A reduction reaction involves? - -the gain of electrons Glucose from food is converted to? - -Co2, releasing energy that is used to produce ATP in the process of cellular respiration Formula for cellular respiration in words - -glucose + oxygen -- carbon dioxide + water + energy BSC108 BSC108 Formula for cellular respiration - -C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP Aerobic respiration - -Respiration that requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration - -Respiration that does not require oxygen Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen? - -The electron transport chain Cellular respiration takes place in? - -the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms Structure of Mitochondria - -Outer membrane that covers the organelle and contains it like a skin, the inner membrane which folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae, and the fluid contained inside the mitochondria called the matrix Three stages of Cellular Respiration - -glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain Where does glycolysis take place during cellular respiration? - -the cytosol of the cytoplasm Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur? - -the matrix of a mitochondrion Where does the electron transport chain occur? - -the inner membrane of the mitochondrion Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? - -the electron transport chain Glycolysis does what? - -splits a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) completes what? - -the breakdown of glucose, producing ATP and NADH NADH and HADH2 from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) deliver what? - -electrons to the electron transport chain, where ATP and H2O are produced How can ATP be synthesized without oxygen by fermentation? - -Fermentation and cellular respiration both begin the same way, with glycolysis ATP synthesized without oxygen by fermentation is also called? - -anaerobic respiration Fermentation produces what in yeast cells? - -ethanol BSC108 BSC108 Fermentation produces what in muscle cells? - -lactic acid Cell reproduction can function in? - -reproduction, growth and development, and repair and renewal DNA molecules are combined with proteins to form? - -chromatin, the substance of chromosomes The cell cycle is the? - -life of a full cell from the time it is first formed from dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells