PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANS-Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANS-SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli
close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung
Compliance, Hypoxemia
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANS-Pressure that builds up and pushes
the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANS-Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas;
Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ANS-Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea,
Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS-1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26
(alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANS-Elevation (increase) of
pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANS-Depression (decrease) of
pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANS-Depression (decrease) of
HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANS-Elevation (increase) of
HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
What are signs of renal cancer? - ANS-No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANS-Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low
Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements,
Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
What do you call kidney pain? - ANS-Nephralgia
, What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANS-Creatinine
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANS-E. coli
What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANS-Hypovolemia - Give Fluids
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANS-Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal
Ischemia
What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANS-Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in
Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)
What causes myxedema coma? - ANS-Hypothyroidism
What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANS-Impaired
Glucose Transport
What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANS-Type I - Complete
lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia)
Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells
What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - ANS-Decrease of Calcium (softer
bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors
What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - ANS-Give Insulin
What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - ANS-Diet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic
Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin)
What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANS-Paresthesia, Neuropathy,
Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy
What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANS-Gluten Intolerance
Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANS-Increased Ammonia Levels
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANS-Acts of H2
receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids
What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANS-Chron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Chron's Disease - ANS-Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being
absorbed.
ANSWERS
What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANS-Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANS-SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli
close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung
Compliance, Hypoxemia
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANS-Pressure that builds up and pushes
the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANS-Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas;
Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ANS-Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea,
Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS-1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26
(alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANS-Elevation (increase) of
pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANS-Depression (decrease) of
pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANS-Depression (decrease) of
HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANS-Elevation (increase) of
HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis)
What are signs of renal cancer? - ANS-No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANS-Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low
Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements,
Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
What do you call kidney pain? - ANS-Nephralgia
, What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANS-Creatinine
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANS-E. coli
What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANS-Hypovolemia - Give Fluids
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANS-Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal
Ischemia
What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANS-Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in
Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)
What causes myxedema coma? - ANS-Hypothyroidism
What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANS-Impaired
Glucose Transport
What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANS-Type I - Complete
lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia)
Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells
What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - ANS-Decrease of Calcium (softer
bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors
What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - ANS-Give Insulin
What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - ANS-Diet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic
Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin)
What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANS-Paresthesia, Neuropathy,
Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy
What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANS-Gluten Intolerance
Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANS-Increased Ammonia Levels
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANS-Acts of H2
receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids
What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANS-Chron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Chron's Disease - ANS-Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being
absorbed.
