Exam 4: NUR 210/ NUR210 (Latest 2025/ 2026 Update) Principles of Pharmacology Exam | Questions and Answers | 100 out of 100 (Verified Solutions) Grade A | Galen./

Exam 4: NUR 210/ NUR210 (Latest 2025/ 2026 Update) Principles of Pharmacology Exam | Questions and Answers | 100 out of 100 (Verified Solutions) Grade A | Galen./ Question: what are the systolic numbers for prehypertension? Answer: 120-139 Question: what level of hypertension is associated with the systolic numbers 120-139? Answer: prehypertension Question: when do we start treating hypertension with medication? Answer: stage 1 hypertension (>139/>89) Question: what are the normal BP systolic numbers? Answer: <120 Question: what are the normal BP diastolic numbers? Answer: <80 Question: what are the systolic numbers of stage 1 hypertension? Answer: 140-159 Question: what are the diastolic numbers of stage 1 hypertension? Answer: 90-99 Question: what are the numbers stage 1? hypertension is associated with? Answer: 140-159/90-99 Question: what are the numbers associated with stage 2 hypertension? Answer: >160/>100 Question: what stage of hypertension is associated with >160/>100? Answer: stage 2 hypertension Question: how much longer should diastole be over systole? Answer: double Question: what is the most common type of hypertension? Answer: primary (essential) Question: when is essential hypertension most common? Answer: >60 years old Question: can essential hypertension be cured? Answer: no but it can be controlled Question: what are contributing factors to essential hypertension? Answer: -hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system -hyperactivity of the renin-angiontensin system -endothelial dysfunction -genetics -age -obesity -smoking -diabetes -hyperlipidemia Question: why would hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to essential hypertension? Answer: the renin-angiotensin system causes the reuptake of fluids and electrolytes Question: why would endothelial dysfunction contribute to essential hypertension? Answer: damage to the inner layer of the cardiac system does not allow them to dilate like should Question: how does obesity contribute to essential hypertension? Answer: blood needs to be pumped a farther distance Question: how does smoking contribute to essential hypertension? Answer: smoking causes endothelial damage Question: how do diabetes contribute to essential hypertension? Answer: maple syrup blood, more viscous, causes more pressure Question: how does hyperlipidemia contribute to essential hypertension? Answer: fatty clots in the arteries Question: what is secondary hypertension? Answer: hypertension with an identifiable cause Question: what type of hypertension has an identifiable cause? Answer: secondary Question: what diseases are associated with secondary hypertension? Answer: -renal disease -coronary artery disease -toxemia of pregnancy -drug therapy: orgal contraceptive therapy -sleep apnea Question: what type of hypertension is associated with renal disease? Answer: secondary Question: what type of hypertension is associated with coronary artery disease? Answer: secondary Question: what type of hypertension is associated with toxemia of pregnancy? Answer: secondary Question: what type of hypertension is associated with oral contraceptive drug therapy? Answer: secondary Question: what type of hypertension is associated with sleep apnea? Answer: secondary Question: what are some possible short term effects of hypertension? Answer: generally asymptomatic, but can cause a headache or dizziness Question: what are long term effects of hypertension? Answer: -MI -heart failure -kidney disease -stroke -peripheral artery disease -retinopathy Question: what is the equation for arterial blood pressure? Answer: cardiac output x peripheral resistance Question: what does cardiac output x peripheral resistance equal? Answer: arterial blood pressure Question: what is cardiac output determined by? Answer: -heart rate -contractility -blood volume -venous return Question: how can a fast HR affect BP? Answer: fast HR probably means that there is not enough time for the heart to refill which means there's not enough blood volume in the arterioles to travel to where it needs to go without constriction, causing an elevated BP Question: what is preload? Answer: amount of fluid right before the heart pumps Question: what is the amount of fluid in the heart right before it pumps? Answer: preload Question: what is afterload? Answer: reflection of how constricted arteries are; pressure in aorta right before the heart pumps Question: what is the pressure in the aorta right before the heart pumps? Answer: afterload Question: is one's HR related to preload or afterload? Answer: preload Question: is the stroke volume related to preload or afterload? Answer: preload Question: is peripheral resistance related to preload or afterload? Answer: afterload Question: how is BP affected by an increase in cardiac output? Answer: increase BP Question: how is BP affected by an increase in peripheral vascular resistance? Answer: increase BP Question: what should be done if there is an increased BP in one arm? Answer: wait a couple mins and then check the other arm Question: what should be avoided before taking someone's BP? Answer: caffiene and smoking Question: why should caffeine and smoking be avoided before taking someone's BP? Answer: causes arterial constriction Question: what is the first step treating hypertension? Answer: life style modifications Question: what are example of lifestyle modifications for treating hypertension? Answer: -weight loss -exercise -stress reduction -smoking cessation -alcohol restriction -caffeine restriction -low cholesterol/DASH diet -sodium restriction Question: what does the DASH diet stand for? Answer: Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension Question: what drug gets rid of fluid in the intravascular space? Answer: diuretics Question: how do diuretics help with edema? Answer: helps get rid of fluid in the intravascular space, which should cause the edema fluid to travel from high concentration to low (intravascular space) Question: what drug promotes renal excretion of water and electrolytes? Answer: diuretics Question: where is the site of action for thiazide diuretics? Answer: distal tubules Question: where is the site of action for high ceiling loop diuretics? Answer: loop of Henle Question: where is the site of action for potassium sparing diuretics? Answer: distal tubules Question: what diuretics site of action is located in the distal tubules? Answer: thiazide and potassium sparing Question: what diuretics site of action is located in the loop of Henle? Answer: high ceiling loop diuretics Question: what are ADRs of diuretics? Answer: -hypovolemia -electrolyte imbalance -hypokalemia -dehydration -hyperglycemia -hyperuricemia -hyperlipidemia Question: which drugs have an ADR of hypovolemia? Answer: diuretics, ACEs, and ARBs Question: what are nursing implications for all diuretics? Answer: -taking daily patient weights -monitor BP -administer early in the day -prevent orthostatic hypotension Question: why is it important to monitor daily patient weights when they are on on diuretics? Answer: want to monitor how much fluid is being lost Question: how do we monitor how much fluid is being lost when a patient is on a diuretic? Answer: by checking their daily weights Question: why is it important to administer diuretics early in the morning/when the patient is awake? Answer: so that the patient can sleep at night and pee all day Question: what time of day should diuretics be administered? Answer: in the morning/when patient is awake Question: with which drugs is it important to prevent orthostatic hypotension? Answer: nitrates and diuretics Question: how is orthostatic hypotension prevented? Answer: have the patient sit up for a little bit in bed, before standing up Question: what causes gout? Answer: hyperuricemia Question: how much water is generally reabsorbed in the kidneys? Answer: 99% Question: how much water is reabsorbed by high ceiling loop diuretics? Answer: 20% Question: what diuretic has an ototoxicity ADR related specifically to itself? Answer: high-ceiling loop diuretic Question: what ADR is specific to high-ceiling loop diuretics? Answer: ototoxicity Question: what is the poster child diuretic? Answer: Lasix Question: what diuretic is given for the retention of potassium? Answer: potassium-sparing diuretic Question: which diuretic blocks aldosterone in the distal nephron? Answer: potassium-sparing diuretic Question: which diuretic is considered a weak diuretic? Answer: potassium-sparing Question: what are ADRs specific to potassium-sparing diuretics? Answer: -hyperkalemia -avoidant use of ACEs and ARBs Question: which diuretic can cause hyperkalemia? Answer: potassium-sparing diuretics Question: which diuretic should be avoided with the use of ACEs and/or ARBs? Answer: potassium-sparing diuretics Question: why should potassium-sparing diuretics be avoided with the use of ACEs and ARBs? Answer: both medications cause potassium retention Question: what does it mean when a drug is a weak diuretic? Answer: does not have as much fluid output Question: what is the mechanism of action of a cardiac glycoside? Answer: -slows the transmission of cardiac impulses through the cardiac conduction system -increases the force of cardiac contraction (better squeeze)! Question: what drug slows the transmission of cardiac impulses through the cardiac conduction system to increase the force of cardiac contraction? Answer: cardiac glycoside Question: what is the poster child drug for cardiac glycosides? Answer: digoxin (Lanoxin) Question: what drug class is digoxin (Lanoxin)? Answer: cardiac glycosides Question: what are ADRs of cardiac glycosides? Answer: -low TI: "yellow vision" toxicity -anorexia, nausea -bradycardia Question: what drug is related to having a low TI which can cause "yellow vision" toxicity? Answer: cardiac glycoside Question: which drug has an ADR of bradycardia? Answer: cardiac glycoside Question: what drug has an ADR of anorexia and nausea? Answer: cardiac glycoside Question: how long should the apical pulse be checked for before administering a cardiac glycoside? Answer: 1 min Question: which drug requires the apical pulse to be checked for 1 min before administration? Answer: cardiac glycoside Question: why is it important to monitor digoxin and potassium levels? Answer: digoxin and potassium share the same receptors on the heart, so there needs to be a balance so it doesn't end up in hyperkalemia or an excess of free digoxin in the blood not benefitting the patient Question: how can low preload lead to hypertension? Answer: low perfusion causes vasoconstriction Question: what is angina pectoris? Answer: sudden chest pain Question: what are the male symptoms for angina pectoris? Answer: sudden pain beneath the sternum often radiating to the left should and arm Question: what are the female symptoms for angina pectoris? Answer: back and jaw pain and an overwhelming feeling of being tired Question: if a male patient has sudden chest pain radiating to the left shoulder and arm, what could he have? Answer: angina pectoris Question: if a female patient has back and jaw pain and is overwhelmingly tired, what can this indicate? Answer: angina pectoris Question: what causes angina pectoris? Answer: oxygen demand is greater than the oxygen supply Question: what can an oxygen demand greater than the oxygen supply cause? Answer: angina pectoris