Portage Learning - Anatomy &
Physiology I
- ANS-
\3 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells - ANS-1. E = Multicellular
2. E = Bigger and contain internal membrane bounded organelles
3. E = DNA enclosed in a nuclear membrane
\3 types of endocytosis are - ANS-process by which a cell takes material into the cell by
infolding of the cell membrane
-phagocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells/
cell eating
-pinocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its
dissolved solutes/ cell drinking
-receptor-mediated endocytosis - The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the
inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to
the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
\A plane that lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts -
ANS-Frontal / Coronal plane
\A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts - ANS-Sagittal
\Active transport - ANS-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
\Aeorbic Respiration and purpose of ATP production - ANS-AR - Eukaryotic cells need
mitochondria to convert chemical energy found in glucose into ATP.
- Oxygen is needed to break down food, Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are produced
\Amphipathic phospholipids have - ANS-Contains polar and non-polar groups in the same
molecule
\Anabolism - ANS-Building more complex cellular structures from simpler ones
\Anatomical position - ANS-supination
\Away from the body surface is what direction? - ANS-Deep
\Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what
direction? - ANS-Inferior
\Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? - ANS-Intermediate
\Body cavity that protects the nervous system - ANS-Dorsal body cavity
\Catabolism - ANS-Breaking down more complex cellular structures into simpler one
\Cavity that encloses the heart - ANS-Pericardial cavity
\Cholesterol - ANS-A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and
acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
\Closing of a joint - ANS-flexion
\Cuts/ Sections made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes - ANS-Oblique
\Define elevation and depression - ANS-Above
, Below
\Define protraction and retraction - ANS-Protraction - Movement towards the anterior
direction
Retraction - Movement in the posterior direction
\Diffusion - ANS--From high concentration to lower concentration
-Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels
\Diffusion of Proteins in Membrane - ANS-Depends on cell fluidity; by fusing two cells we can
see how fast they diffuse
\Epithelial cells perform what types of function? - ANS-Make up epithelial tissue and do tasks
like secretion, absorption. Under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away
\eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells - ANS-1. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound
organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Membranes 1. E = Multicellular
Size E = Bigger and contain internal membrane bounded organelles
Membrane = DNA enclosed in a nuclear membrane
\Excretion involves what system? - ANS-Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary
\function of each organelle - ANS-1. Nucleus - contians DNA and control center
2. Ribosomes - tiny manufacturing plant where proteins are assembled
3. Smooth ER - Lipid synthesis
4. Rough ER - modifies and transport protein derived from ribosomes on its surface
5. RNA - coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein systhesis
6. Endospore - dormant, durable cel produced by bacteria clostridium botulinum which can
lead to botulism
7. Golgi complex - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the
endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell
8. Lysosome - process digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules
9. Mitochondria - convert chemical energy in food to ATP
10. Plasma membrane - contians pumps and gates to regulate passage of materials in and
out of the cell; Prokaryotic cells have membrane folds inward to provide a place for ractions
to take place
11. Microtubules - hollow and anchored to the MTOC; microfilaments are solid and create
movement
Physiology I
- ANS-
\3 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells - ANS-1. E = Multicellular
2. E = Bigger and contain internal membrane bounded organelles
3. E = DNA enclosed in a nuclear membrane
\3 types of endocytosis are - ANS-process by which a cell takes material into the cell by
infolding of the cell membrane
-phagocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells/
cell eating
-pinocytosis - A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its
dissolved solutes/ cell drinking
-receptor-mediated endocytosis - The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the
inward budding of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to
the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances.
\A plane that lies vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts -
ANS-Frontal / Coronal plane
\A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts - ANS-Sagittal
\Active transport - ANS-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
\Aeorbic Respiration and purpose of ATP production - ANS-AR - Eukaryotic cells need
mitochondria to convert chemical energy found in glucose into ATP.
- Oxygen is needed to break down food, Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are produced
\Amphipathic phospholipids have - ANS-Contains polar and non-polar groups in the same
molecule
\Anabolism - ANS-Building more complex cellular structures from simpler ones
\Anatomical position - ANS-supination
\Away from the body surface is what direction? - ANS-Deep
\Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body is what
direction? - ANS-Inferior
\Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? - ANS-Intermediate
\Body cavity that protects the nervous system - ANS-Dorsal body cavity
\Catabolism - ANS-Breaking down more complex cellular structures into simpler one
\Cavity that encloses the heart - ANS-Pericardial cavity
\Cholesterol - ANS-A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and
acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
\Closing of a joint - ANS-flexion
\Cuts/ Sections made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes - ANS-Oblique
\Define elevation and depression - ANS-Above
, Below
\Define protraction and retraction - ANS-Protraction - Movement towards the anterior
direction
Retraction - Movement in the posterior direction
\Diffusion - ANS--From high concentration to lower concentration
-Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels
\Diffusion of Proteins in Membrane - ANS-Depends on cell fluidity; by fusing two cells we can
see how fast they diffuse
\Epithelial cells perform what types of function? - ANS-Make up epithelial tissue and do tasks
like secretion, absorption. Under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away
\eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells - ANS-1. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound
organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Membranes 1. E = Multicellular
Size E = Bigger and contain internal membrane bounded organelles
Membrane = DNA enclosed in a nuclear membrane
\Excretion involves what system? - ANS-Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary
\function of each organelle - ANS-1. Nucleus - contians DNA and control center
2. Ribosomes - tiny manufacturing plant where proteins are assembled
3. Smooth ER - Lipid synthesis
4. Rough ER - modifies and transport protein derived from ribosomes on its surface
5. RNA - coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein systhesis
6. Endospore - dormant, durable cel produced by bacteria clostridium botulinum which can
lead to botulism
7. Golgi complex - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the
endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell
8. Lysosome - process digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules
9. Mitochondria - convert chemical energy in food to ATP
10. Plasma membrane - contians pumps and gates to regulate passage of materials in and
out of the cell; Prokaryotic cells have membrane folds inward to provide a place for ractions
to take place
11. Microtubules - hollow and anchored to the MTOC; microfilaments are solid and create
movement
