Bio250 Final Questions with Accurate Solutions
Define Tokogeny and Phylogeny.
Tokogeny- Parents and their offspring (family tree)
Phylogeny: Species- ancestor descendant relationships.
What are the 5 mechanisms of Evolution?
Which one is weakest?
Mutation (slow)
Migration
Genetic Drift
Non-Random Mating
Natural Selection
What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
No mutation
No genetic drift (infinitely large population sizes)
Random Mating
No migration
No natural selection
AKA - no evolution (null hypothesis)
Tell me about natural selection.
who discovered it?
Evolution by natural selection is not random. This results in a fit between traits and the
environment (a.k.a. adaptation). - (Evolution is random)
, Natural Selection is NOT teleological or progressive (has to act on selective pressures - doesn’t
just change the organisms to best fit future environments) - Evolution is also not teleological
Natural selection acts on phenotypes (individuals), but evolution consists of changes in
allele frequencies (of populations).
Charles Darwin AND Alfred Wallace were co-discoverers of natural selection
Define Pre-adaptation/Exaptions
Trait /feature that takes on a function when none previously existed or that differs from
its original function
what are the 3 modes of selection?
Modes of Selection:
Directional Selection: Favors one “extreme” phenotype, ex: the bigger the better
Stabilizing Selection: Favors the “moderate/average” phenotypes ex; average size is best
Disruptive Selection: Favors both “extreme” phenotypes. Beneficial to be either really small
or really big
What is frequency dependent selection?
Frequency Dependent Selection: The less frequent the trait is the more favorable it is
(keeps genetic variation)
Describe how Sexual Selection can lead to maladpative traits and sexual
dimorphism (especially in those one birds)
In order to secure mates, these males evolved long tails - which increases their risk of predation
(fitness trade-off). Females are usually less showy to protect their offspring better (making sure
their genes get passed on).
What are the 4 types of social interactions between members of the same species?
Define Tokogeny and Phylogeny.
Tokogeny- Parents and their offspring (family tree)
Phylogeny: Species- ancestor descendant relationships.
What are the 5 mechanisms of Evolution?
Which one is weakest?
Mutation (slow)
Migration
Genetic Drift
Non-Random Mating
Natural Selection
What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
No mutation
No genetic drift (infinitely large population sizes)
Random Mating
No migration
No natural selection
AKA - no evolution (null hypothesis)
Tell me about natural selection.
who discovered it?
Evolution by natural selection is not random. This results in a fit between traits and the
environment (a.k.a. adaptation). - (Evolution is random)
, Natural Selection is NOT teleological or progressive (has to act on selective pressures - doesn’t
just change the organisms to best fit future environments) - Evolution is also not teleological
Natural selection acts on phenotypes (individuals), but evolution consists of changes in
allele frequencies (of populations).
Charles Darwin AND Alfred Wallace were co-discoverers of natural selection
Define Pre-adaptation/Exaptions
Trait /feature that takes on a function when none previously existed or that differs from
its original function
what are the 3 modes of selection?
Modes of Selection:
Directional Selection: Favors one “extreme” phenotype, ex: the bigger the better
Stabilizing Selection: Favors the “moderate/average” phenotypes ex; average size is best
Disruptive Selection: Favors both “extreme” phenotypes. Beneficial to be either really small
or really big
What is frequency dependent selection?
Frequency Dependent Selection: The less frequent the trait is the more favorable it is
(keeps genetic variation)
Describe how Sexual Selection can lead to maladpative traits and sexual
dimorphism (especially in those one birds)
In order to secure mates, these males evolved long tails - which increases their risk of predation
(fitness trade-off). Females are usually less showy to protect their offspring better (making sure
their genes get passed on).
What are the 4 types of social interactions between members of the same species?
