TEST BANK for Human Learning
8th Edition by Ormrod,
Chapters 1-15, Complete Versions
, CHAPTERl1
PERSPECTIVESlONlLEARNING
MultiplelChoicelQuestions
Humanlbeingslundoubtedlyllearnlmorelduringlthelcourseloflallifetimelthanlanylot
herlspecieslonlearth.lThelmajorlresultloflthislcapacityltollearnlislthat:
Newlinstinctslbeginltolemerge.
Humanlthoughtlbecomesllessllogicallwithleachlgeneration.lHum
anslcanlbenefitlfromltheirlexperiences.
Humanslarelthelonlylspecieslwhoselbehaviorlcannotlbelanalyzedlinlterm
sloflstimulilandlresponses.
Threeloflthelfollowinglarelexampleslofllearning.lWhichlonelislnot?
Abigaillcrieslwhenlshelstepslonlalsharplpebble.
Afterlmanylhoursloflheatedldebate,lBrianlbeginsltoladvocatelpol
iticallpracticeslhelhaslpreviouslylopposed.
Caralsuddenlylrecognizeslhowltheldivisionlfactl―24l’l4l=l6‖lislrelatedltolth
elmultiplicationlfactl―6lxl4l=l24.‖
DavidlhaslbeenlrunninglawaylfromlGermanlshepherdsleverlsincelhelwasl
bittenlbylalGermanlshepherdltwolyearslago.
Reyneldalhasltroubleltracinglalcomplexlshapelwithlalpencillwhenlshelislinlkinderg
arten,lbutlshelcanldolitlquitelwelllbyltheltimelshelislinlsecondlgrade.lIslthislanlinstancelo
fllearning?
Yes,lbecauselherlbehaviorlhaslchanged.
No,lbecauselthelcircumstanceslareltooldissimilar.
Maybe,lalthoughlthelchangelmaylsimplylbeldueltolph
ysiologicallmaturation.
Maybe,lbutlonlyliflshelislbeinglreinforcedlforltracinglaccurately.
2
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Threeloflthelfollowinglillustratelvariouslwayslthatllearninglmightl belreflectedlinlalp
erson‘slbehavior.lWhichloneloflthelfollowinglchangesldoeslnotlnecessarilylreflectllear
ning?
Althoughlit‘slalschoollnight,lDeanlplayslvideolgamesluntillwelllpastlhislusuallbe
dtime.lAslhelbecomeslmoreltired,lhelfindslitlincreasinglyldifficultltolconcentrat
elonlwhatlhe‘sldoing.
Evenlaslalyounglchild,lJerrylcouldltelllyoulthatlhislgrandparentslimmig
ratedltolthelUnitedlStateslfromlIreland.lButlafterlalconversationlwithlhi
slgrandmother,lhelcanlnowldescribelthelcircumstancesloflthelfamily‘sli
mmigrationlinlconsiderableldetail.
Daylafterlday,lMartinlpracticeslhislbasketballlskillsl (shooting,ldribbling,letc.)
lonlalbasketballlcourtlatlallocallpark.lWithleachlpractice lsession,lhislmovemen
tslbecomelfasterlandlsmoother.
Lewisloccasionallylaskslforlhelplwhenlhelhasldifficultylwithlhislclasswork,lbutl
mostlofltheltimelheljustlstruggleslquietlylonlhislown.lAfterlhislteacherlassureslh
imlthatlaskinglforlhelplislnotlalsignloflweaknesslorlinability,lhelbeginslaskinglf
orlhelplmuchlmorelfrequently.
l researchlexaminesllearninglinltightlylcontrolledlsettingsland
l researchlexaminesllearninglinlreal-worldlsettings.
Applied;lBasiclBasic;l
QualitativelQualitati
ve;lAppliedlBasic;lAp
plied
Alprinciplelofllearninglcanlbestlbelcharacterizedlas:
Aldescriptionloflthelresultsloflalparticularlresearchlstudy
Alstatementlthatldescribeslhowlalparticularlfactorlaffectsllearning
Thelmeasurementloflhowlmuchllearninglhasloccurredlinlalparticu
larlsituation
Anlexplanationloflthelunderlyinglprocesseslthroughlwhichllearningloccurs
Altheorylofllearninglcanlbestlbelcharacterizedlas:
Aldescriptionloflthelresultsloflalparticularlresearchlstudy
Alstatementlthatldescribeslhowlalparticularlfactorlaffectsllearning
Thelmeasurementloflhowlmuchllearninglhasloccurredlinlalparticu
larlsituation
Anlexplanationloflthelunderlyinglprocesseslthroughlwhichllearningloccurs
3
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Threeloflthelfollowinglarelprincipleslofllearning.lWhichlonelislaltheory
ofllearninglratherlthanlalprinciple?
Albehaviorlthatlislfollowedlbylpunishmentldecreaseslinlfrequency.
Peoplellearnlbylmakinglmentallassociationslbetweenlnewlinformationlandl
theirlexistinglknowledge.
Alresponselthatlislrewardedleveryltimelitloccurslincreaseslmorelrapi
dlylthanlalresponselthatlislonlyloccasionallylrewarded.
Studentsltendltolrememberlmoreloflallecturelifltheyltakelnoteslonlthellect
ure‘slcontent.
Whichloneloflthelfollowinglcommonlsayingslbestlreflectslthelconceptloflintr
ospection?
―Wherelthere‘slalwill,lthere‘slalway.‖
―Nothinglventured,lnothinglgained.‖
―Alpennylforlyourlthoughts.‖
―Oldlhabitsldielhard.‖
Whichloneloflthelfollowinglcommonlsayingslbestlreflectslthelbasiclpremi
selunderlyinglsocialllearningltheory?
―Monkeylsee,lmonkeyldo.‖
―Sparelthelrodlandlspoillthelchild.‖
―Alfriendlinlneedlislalfriendlindeed.‖
―Alrollinglstonelgatherslnolmoss.‖
Whichloneloflthelfollowinglstatementslprovideslthelmostlcrediblelexplanationl
forlthelfactlthatlhumanlbeingslseemltolsurpasslalllotherlanimallspecieslinltheirlthin
kinglandllearninglcapacities?
Onlylhumanlbeingslhavelthelcapabilityltolmakeltools.
Humanslcommunicatelregularlylwithlonelanotherland,linldoinglso,lpassla
longlwhatlthey‘vellearnedltolfuturelgenerations.
Humanlbeingslhavelalhugelrepertoireloflinstinctuallbehaviorslfromlwhic
hltheylcanldrawlwhenltheylencounterlnewlexperiences.
Humanlbrainslarelsmallerlthanlthoseloflotherlintelligentlspeciesl(e.g.,lelepha
nts,ldolphins)landlthereforelcanltransmitlmessageslmorelquicklylandlefficien
tly.
4
8th Edition by Ormrod,
Chapters 1-15, Complete Versions
, CHAPTERl1
PERSPECTIVESlONlLEARNING
MultiplelChoicelQuestions
Humanlbeingslundoubtedlyllearnlmorelduringlthelcourseloflallifetimelthanlanylot
herlspecieslonlearth.lThelmajorlresultloflthislcapacityltollearnlislthat:
Newlinstinctslbeginltolemerge.
Humanlthoughtlbecomesllessllogicallwithleachlgeneration.lHum
anslcanlbenefitlfromltheirlexperiences.
Humanslarelthelonlylspecieslwhoselbehaviorlcannotlbelanalyzedlinlterm
sloflstimulilandlresponses.
Threeloflthelfollowinglarelexampleslofllearning.lWhichlonelislnot?
Abigaillcrieslwhenlshelstepslonlalsharplpebble.
Afterlmanylhoursloflheatedldebate,lBrianlbeginsltoladvocatelpol
iticallpracticeslhelhaslpreviouslylopposed.
Caralsuddenlylrecognizeslhowltheldivisionlfactl―24l’l4l=l6‖lislrelatedltolth
elmultiplicationlfactl―6lxl4l=l24.‖
DavidlhaslbeenlrunninglawaylfromlGermanlshepherdsleverlsincelhelwasl
bittenlbylalGermanlshepherdltwolyearslago.
Reyneldalhasltroubleltracinglalcomplexlshapelwithlalpencillwhenlshelislinlkinderg
arten,lbutlshelcanldolitlquitelwelllbyltheltimelshelislinlsecondlgrade.lIslthislanlinstancelo
fllearning?
Yes,lbecauselherlbehaviorlhaslchanged.
No,lbecauselthelcircumstanceslareltooldissimilar.
Maybe,lalthoughlthelchangelmaylsimplylbeldueltolph
ysiologicallmaturation.
Maybe,lbutlonlyliflshelislbeinglreinforcedlforltracinglaccurately.
2
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Threeloflthelfollowinglillustratelvariouslwayslthatllearninglmightl belreflectedlinlalp
erson‘slbehavior.lWhichloneloflthelfollowinglchangesldoeslnotlnecessarilylreflectllear
ning?
Althoughlit‘slalschoollnight,lDeanlplayslvideolgamesluntillwelllpastlhislusuallbe
dtime.lAslhelbecomeslmoreltired,lhelfindslitlincreasinglyldifficultltolconcentrat
elonlwhatlhe‘sldoing.
Evenlaslalyounglchild,lJerrylcouldltelllyoulthatlhislgrandparentslimmig
ratedltolthelUnitedlStateslfromlIreland.lButlafterlalconversationlwithlhi
slgrandmother,lhelcanlnowldescribelthelcircumstancesloflthelfamily‘sli
mmigrationlinlconsiderableldetail.
Daylafterlday,lMartinlpracticeslhislbasketballlskillsl (shooting,ldribbling,letc.)
lonlalbasketballlcourtlatlallocallpark.lWithleachlpractice lsession,lhislmovemen
tslbecomelfasterlandlsmoother.
Lewisloccasionallylaskslforlhelplwhenlhelhasldifficultylwithlhislclasswork,lbutl
mostlofltheltimelheljustlstruggleslquietlylonlhislown.lAfterlhislteacherlassureslh
imlthatlaskinglforlhelplislnotlalsignloflweaknesslorlinability,lhelbeginslaskinglf
orlhelplmuchlmorelfrequently.
l researchlexaminesllearninglinltightlylcontrolledlsettingsland
l researchlexaminesllearninglinlreal-worldlsettings.
Applied;lBasiclBasic;l
QualitativelQualitati
ve;lAppliedlBasic;lAp
plied
Alprinciplelofllearninglcanlbestlbelcharacterizedlas:
Aldescriptionloflthelresultsloflalparticularlresearchlstudy
Alstatementlthatldescribeslhowlalparticularlfactorlaffectsllearning
Thelmeasurementloflhowlmuchllearninglhasloccurredlinlalparticu
larlsituation
Anlexplanationloflthelunderlyinglprocesseslthroughlwhichllearningloccurs
Altheorylofllearninglcanlbestlbelcharacterizedlas:
Aldescriptionloflthelresultsloflalparticularlresearchlstudy
Alstatementlthatldescribeslhowlalparticularlfactorlaffectsllearning
Thelmeasurementloflhowlmuchllearninglhasloccurredlinlalparticu
larlsituation
Anlexplanationloflthelunderlyinglprocesseslthroughlwhichllearningloccurs
3
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
Threeloflthelfollowinglarelprincipleslofllearning.lWhichlonelislaltheory
ofllearninglratherlthanlalprinciple?
Albehaviorlthatlislfollowedlbylpunishmentldecreaseslinlfrequency.
Peoplellearnlbylmakinglmentallassociationslbetweenlnewlinformationlandl
theirlexistinglknowledge.
Alresponselthatlislrewardedleveryltimelitloccurslincreaseslmorelrapi
dlylthanlalresponselthatlislonlyloccasionallylrewarded.
Studentsltendltolrememberlmoreloflallecturelifltheyltakelnoteslonlthellect
ure‘slcontent.
Whichloneloflthelfollowinglcommonlsayingslbestlreflectslthelconceptloflintr
ospection?
―Wherelthere‘slalwill,lthere‘slalway.‖
―Nothinglventured,lnothinglgained.‖
―Alpennylforlyourlthoughts.‖
―Oldlhabitsldielhard.‖
Whichloneloflthelfollowinglcommonlsayingslbestlreflectslthelbasiclpremi
selunderlyinglsocialllearningltheory?
―Monkeylsee,lmonkeyldo.‖
―Sparelthelrodlandlspoillthelchild.‖
―Alfriendlinlneedlislalfriendlindeed.‖
―Alrollinglstonelgatherslnolmoss.‖
Whichloneloflthelfollowinglstatementslprovideslthelmostlcrediblelexplanationl
forlthelfactlthatlhumanlbeingslseemltolsurpasslalllotherlanimallspecieslinltheirlthin
kinglandllearninglcapacities?
Onlylhumanlbeingslhavelthelcapabilityltolmakeltools.
Humanslcommunicatelregularlylwithlonelanotherland,linldoinglso,lpassla
longlwhatlthey‘vellearnedltolfuturelgenerations.
Humanlbeingslhavelalhugelrepertoireloflinstinctuallbehaviorslfromlwhic
hltheylcanldrawlwhenltheylencounterlnewlexperiences.
Humanlbrainslarelsmallerlthanlthoseloflotherlintelligentlspeciesl(e.g.,lelepha
nts,ldolphins)landlthereforelcanltransmitlmessageslmorelquicklylandlefficien
tly.
4
