SHADWICK POB EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
DNA Helicase - Answers :enzyme that unwinds and unzips double-stranded DNA
DNA Ligase - Answers :seals any breaks in sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA Polymerase - Answers :an enzyme that joins the nucleotides complementary to a
DNA template during replication
Gene Expression - Answers :the process of using a gene sequence to synthesize a
protein; dependent on mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA; dependent of transcription and
translation
Transcription - Answers :takes place in the nucleus; part of DNA serves as a template
for mRNA formation
Translation - Answers :takes place in cytoplasm; sequence of mRNA bases determines
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide; tRNA assists by bringing amino acids to
ribosome
Gene - Answers :a segment of DNA
(T/F) The basic structure of the plasma membrane is determined by the proteins
present. - Answers :True
(T/F) The phospholipid bilayer has a solid consistency. - Answers :False
Channel Protein - Answers :Allows a particular molecule or ion to freely cross the
plasma membrane as it enters or exits the cell
Receptor Protein - Answers :Has a specific shape such that only a particular molecule
can bind to it
Cell-Recognition Protein - Answers :Protein in the plasma membrane has a
carbohydrate attached to it so that cells can be recognized from each other
Enzymatic Protein - Answers :Protein in the plasma membrane that carries out
metabolic reactions
Diffusion - Answers :net movement of any type of molecule from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
Hypotonic Solution - Answers :solution that contains a lower solute (more water)
concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis
, Hypertonic Solution - Answers :higher solute concentrations (less water) than the
cytoplasm of the cell; causes the cell to lose water by osmosis
Osmosis - Answers :diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
(requires no energy)
Pinocytosis - Answers :process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into
the cell; liquids and small molecules dissolved in liquid
Phagocytosis - Answers :process by which cells engulf large substances forming an
intracellular vacuole; large particulate matter
Exocytosis - Answers :process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside of the cell; secrete out
1st Law of Thermodynamics - Answers :The law of conservation of energy- energy
cannot be created nor destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - Answers :energy cannot be changed from one form to
another without the loss of usable energy
Thermodynamics - Answers :the study of energy relationships and their exchanges
ATP (stands for) - Answers :adenosine triphosphate
metabolism - Answers :the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
anabolism - Answers :the building up (synthesis) of molecules
catabolism - Answers :the breaking down of molecules
Exergonic Reaction - Answers :spontaneous and release energy
Endergonic Reaction - Answers :require an input of energy to occur
Enzyme - Answers :typically proteins that function as catalysts to speed a chemical
reaction
Substrate - Answers :the reactants in an enzymatic reaction
Introns - Answers :intragene segments which get removed
Exons - Answers :portion of gene that is expressed
Codon - Answers :Three-Nucleotide unit of mRNA "the genetic code"
DNA Helicase - Answers :enzyme that unwinds and unzips double-stranded DNA
DNA Ligase - Answers :seals any breaks in sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA Polymerase - Answers :an enzyme that joins the nucleotides complementary to a
DNA template during replication
Gene Expression - Answers :the process of using a gene sequence to synthesize a
protein; dependent on mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA; dependent of transcription and
translation
Transcription - Answers :takes place in the nucleus; part of DNA serves as a template
for mRNA formation
Translation - Answers :takes place in cytoplasm; sequence of mRNA bases determines
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide; tRNA assists by bringing amino acids to
ribosome
Gene - Answers :a segment of DNA
(T/F) The basic structure of the plasma membrane is determined by the proteins
present. - Answers :True
(T/F) The phospholipid bilayer has a solid consistency. - Answers :False
Channel Protein - Answers :Allows a particular molecule or ion to freely cross the
plasma membrane as it enters or exits the cell
Receptor Protein - Answers :Has a specific shape such that only a particular molecule
can bind to it
Cell-Recognition Protein - Answers :Protein in the plasma membrane has a
carbohydrate attached to it so that cells can be recognized from each other
Enzymatic Protein - Answers :Protein in the plasma membrane that carries out
metabolic reactions
Diffusion - Answers :net movement of any type of molecule from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
Hypotonic Solution - Answers :solution that contains a lower solute (more water)
concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis
, Hypertonic Solution - Answers :higher solute concentrations (less water) than the
cytoplasm of the cell; causes the cell to lose water by osmosis
Osmosis - Answers :diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
(requires no energy)
Pinocytosis - Answers :process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into
the cell; liquids and small molecules dissolved in liquid
Phagocytosis - Answers :process by which cells engulf large substances forming an
intracellular vacuole; large particulate matter
Exocytosis - Answers :process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside of the cell; secrete out
1st Law of Thermodynamics - Answers :The law of conservation of energy- energy
cannot be created nor destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics - Answers :energy cannot be changed from one form to
another without the loss of usable energy
Thermodynamics - Answers :the study of energy relationships and their exchanges
ATP (stands for) - Answers :adenosine triphosphate
metabolism - Answers :the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
anabolism - Answers :the building up (synthesis) of molecules
catabolism - Answers :the breaking down of molecules
Exergonic Reaction - Answers :spontaneous and release energy
Endergonic Reaction - Answers :require an input of energy to occur
Enzyme - Answers :typically proteins that function as catalysts to speed a chemical
reaction
Substrate - Answers :the reactants in an enzymatic reaction
Introns - Answers :intragene segments which get removed
Exons - Answers :portion of gene that is expressed
Codon - Answers :Three-Nucleotide unit of mRNA "the genetic code"
