NURS 5315 UTA Exam 4 Review (Module 7 Neuro & Module 8 Endocrine) | Complete Solutions

NURS 5315 UTA Exam 4 Review (Module 7 Neuro & Module 8 Endocrine) | Complete Solutions Which pathway carries sensory information toward the central nervous system? Ascending Which type of axon transmits a nerve impulse at the highest rate? Large myelinated Which nerves are capable of regeneration? Myelinated nerves in the peripheral nervous system The neurotransmitter norepinephrine is secreted in the: Sympathetic postganglion Both oligodenroglia and Schwann cells share the ability to: Form a myelin sheath During a synapse, what change occurs after the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor? The permeability of the postsynaptic neuron changes; consequently its membrane potential is changed as well. What name is given to a large network of neurons within the brainstem that is essential for maintaining wakefulness? Reticular activating system Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain? Prefrontal Lobe The region responsible for the motor aspects of speech is located in the: Broca area in the frontal lobe Parkinson and Huntington disease are conditions associated with defects in which area of the brain? Basal ganglia Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral patterns are main functions of which area of the brain? Hypothalamus The ability of the eyes to track moving objects through a visual field is primarily a function of which colliculi? Superior What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states? Limbic system and prefrontal cortex Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain? Medulla oblongata From which part of the midbrain do cranial nerves V to VIII emerge? Pons From which part of the midbrain do cranial nerves IX to XII emerge? Medulla Oblongata Which area of the brain assumes responsibility for conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture? Cerebellum Which statement is true regarding upper motor neurons? The modify spinal reflex arcs The membrane that separates the brain's cerebellum from it's cerebrum is the: Tentorium cerebelli The function of arachnoid villi is to: Absorb cerebrospinal fluid into the cerebral venous sinuses Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced? Choroid plexuses Which of the meninges closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and follows the sulci and fissures? Pia mater Norepinephrine produces what primary response? Vasoconstriction What is an effect of the sympathetic nervous system? Increased blood sugar levels The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output? 20% The collateral blood flow to the brain is provided by the: Circle of Willis The nurse recognizes that a patient's diagnosis of a viral infection of the brain's meningeal layer is supported by which diagnostic laboratory result? Leukocytes 10/mm3 Cognitive operations cannot occur without the effective functioning of the brain's: Reticular activating system Which intracerebral disease process is capable of producing diffuse dysfunction? Infarct emboli What is the most common infratentorial brain disease process that results in the direct destruction of the reticulating activation system (RAS)? Cerebrovascular disease What stimulus causes posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA)? Changes in PaCO2 levels Posthyperventilation apnea (PHVA) ceases and rhythmic breathing is resumed when levels of arterial: Carbon dioxide become normal Cheyne-Stokes respirations are described as a: Crescendo-decrescendo pattern of breathing, followed by a period of apnea Vomiting is associated with central nervous system (CNS) injuries that compress which of the brain's anatomic locations? Vestibular nuclei in the lower brainstem Which midbrain dysfunction causes pupils to be pinpoint size and fixed in position? Pontine dysfunction What characteristic is a medical criterion of brain death? Apnea A clinical manifestation caused by damage to the lower pons includes an abnormal: Extension response of the upper and lower extremities Which person is at the greatest risk for developing delirium? An individual on the second day after hip replacement A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons is termed: Seizure A complex partial seizure is described as: Impairment of both consciousness and the ability to react to exogenous stimuli Status epilepticus is considered a medial emergency because of the: Development of cerebral hypoxia The most critical aspect in correctly diagnosing a seizure disorder and establishing it's cause is: Health history What type of seizure starts in the fingers and progressively spreads up the arm and extends to the leg? Focial (partial) Jacksonian seizure What area of the brain mediates the executive attention functions? Prefrontal What term describes the loss of the comprehension or production of language? Aphasia With receptive dysphasia (fluent), the individual is able to: Produce verbal speech, but not comprehend language What is the normal intranial pressure (in mmHg)? 5 to 15 Cerebral edema is an increase in the fluid content of the brain's: Tissue What type of cerebral edema occurs when permeability of the capillary endothelium increases after injury to the vascular structure? Vasogenic Which edema is most often observed with noncommunicating hydrocephalus? Interstitial Which dyskinesia involves involuntary movements of the face, trunk, and extremities? Tardive Antipsychotic drugs cause tardive dyskinesia by mimicking the effects of increased: Dopamine The existence of regular, deep, and rapid respirations after a severe closed head injury is indicative of neurologic injury to the: Lower Midbrain What type of posturing exists when a person with a severe closed head injury has all four extremities in rigid extension with the forearms in hyper pronation and the legs in plantar extension? Decerebrate Since his cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia. What term is used to describe this finding? Anosognosia After a cerebrovascular accident, a man is unable to either feel or identify a comb with his eyes closed. This is an example of: Tactile Agnosia Most dysphasias are associated with cerebrovascular accidents involving which artery? Middle Cerebral Tactile agnosia is related to injury of which area of the brain? Parietal Neurofibrillary tangles characterize which neurologic disorder? Alzheimer disease The body compensates for a rise in intracranial pressure by first displacing the: Cerebrospinal fluid Stage 1 intracranial hypertension is caused by the: Displacement of cerebrospinal fluid, followed by compression of the cerebral venous system Dilated and sluggish pupils, widening pulse pressure, and bradycardia are clinical findings evident of which state of intracranial hypertension? 3 Dilation of the ipsilateral pupil, following uncal herniation, is the result of pressure on which cranial nerve (CN)? Oculomotor (CN III) Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction? Level of consciousness Diagnostic criteria for a persistent vegetative state include: Return of autonomic functions such as gastrointestinal function Uncal herniation occurs when: The hippocampal gyrus shifts from the middle fossa through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa Which assessment finding marks the end of spinal shock? Gradual return of spinal reflexes Characteristics of primary motor neuron atrophy include: Fasciculations and muscle cramps The weakness resulting from the segmental paresis and paralysis characteristic of anterior horn cell injury is difficult to recognize because: Two or more nerve roots supply each muscle Parkinson disease is a degenerative disorder of the brain's: Basal ganglia Clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease are caused by a deficit in which of the brain's neurotransmitters? Dopamine Tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities are a result of the atrophy of neurons in the brain's: Substantia nigra that produces dopamine Diffuse axonal injuries (DAI's) of the brain often result in: Reduced levels of consciousness What event is most likely to occur to the brain in a classic (moderate) cerebral concussion? Brief period of vital sign instability Which disorder has clinical manifestations that include decreased consciousness for up to 6 hours, as well as retrograde and posttraumatic amnesia? Classic (Moderate) Cerebral Concussion What group is most at risk of spinal cord injury from minor trauma? Older adults The edema of the upper cervical cord after spinal cord injury is considered life threatening because of which possible outcome? Breathing difficulties from an impairment to the diaphragm What indicates that spinal shock is terminating? Reflex emptying of the bladder What term is used to describe the complication that can result from a spinal cord injury above T6 that is producing paroxysmal hypertension, as well as piloerection and sweating above the spinal cord lesion? Autonomic hyperreflexia Why does a person who has a spinal cord injury experience faulty control of sweating? The hypothalamus is unable to regulate body heat as a result of damage to the sympathetic nervous system Autonomic hyperreflexia-induced bradycardia is a result of stimulation of the: Carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node A herniation of which disk will likely result in motor and sensory changes of the lateral lower legs and soles of the feet? L5-S1 Which condition poses the highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? Hypertension A right hemisphere embolic CVA has resulted in left-sided paralysis and reduced sensation of the left foot and leg. Which cerebral artery is most likely affected by the emboli? Anterior cerebral Atrial fibrillation, rheumatic heart disease, and valvular prosthetics are risk factors for which type of stroke? Embolic Microinfarcts resulting in pure motor or pure sensory deficits are the result of which type of stroke? Lacunar Which vascular malformation is characterized by arteries that feed directly into veins through vascular tangles of abnormal vessels? Arteriovenous malformation Which clinical finding is considered a diagnostic indicator for an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)? Systolic bruit over the carotid artery Which cerebral vascular hemorrhage causes meningeal irritation, photophobia, and positive Kernig and Brudzinski signs? Subarachnoid In adults, most intracranial tumors are located: Infratentorially In children, most intracranial tumors are located: Supratentiorially The most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor is the: Astrocytoma Meningiomas characteristically compress from: Outside the spinal cord What is the central component of the pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis? Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a coup injury to which region of the brain? Frontal A blunt force injury to the forehead would result in a contrecoup injury to which rebion of the brain? Occipital Apical cord injuries most likely occur in which region? Cervical and thoracic-lumbar The most likely rationale for body temperature fluctuations after cervical spinal cord injury is that the person has: Sustain sympathetic nervous system damage resulting in disturbed thermal control. A man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago suddenly develops severe hypertension and bradycardia. He reports severe head pain and blurred vision. The most likely explanation for these clinical manifestations is that he is: Developing autonomic hyperreflexia The type of vascular malformation that most often results in hemorrhage is: Arteriovenous malformation Atheromatous plaques are most commonly found: At branches of arteries Multiple sclerosis is best described as a: Central nervous system demyelination, possible from an immunogenic virus What is the most common opportunistic infection associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)? Toxoplasmosis It is true that Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS): Is preceded by a viral illness It is true that myasthenia gravis: causes muscle weakness In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies) produced against acetylcholine receptors? Myasthenia gravis