patho ch10/13 questions with answers
orthopenea ✅✅shortness of breathe when lying on back
apnea ✅✅temporary pause in breathing
crackles / rales ✅✅abnormal lung sounds, popping.bubbling, rattling
wheezing ✅✅high pitch, whistling sound
hypoxemia ✅✅low oxygen in blood
hypercapina ✅✅abnormally high level of co2 in arterial blood
residual volume ✅✅volume of air that remains in lungs after you breathe out
vital capacity ✅✅volume of air that can moved in/out of lungs w/ full forced breath
clubbing ✅✅physical deformity of fingers/toes
bronchodilation ✅✅Widening of air passages in lungs
Bronchoconstriction ✅✅Narrowing of air passages in lungs
COPD ✅✅chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Emphysema ✅✅damage of alveoli, air trapped. (leads to COPD) and barrell chest
asthma ✅✅disease of airways that causes period of reversible airflow obstruction
bronchitis ✅✅inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
aveoli ✅✅tiny balloon shaped airsacs @ very end of bronchioles. does gas exchange
bronchioles ✅✅smallest branches of the bronchi
atelectasis ✅✅collapsed lung or lobe
hemoptysis ✅✅bloody sputum / coughing up blood
sputum ✅✅mixture of cells, mucus, debris
, tachypnea ✅✅rapid breathing
bradypnea ✅✅slow breathing
dyspnea ✅✅difficulty breathing
CAP (community acquired pneumonia) ✅✅pneumonia contracted outside of a
healthcare setting
Streptococcus pneumonia ✅✅common bacterium in upper respiratory tract but can
cause a range of serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections,
HAP (hospital acquired pneumonia) ✅✅pneumonia contracted in hospital
staphylococcus aureus ✅✅bacteria that cause a wide range of infections from
abscesses (pockets of pus) to Pneumonia
aspiration ✅✅inhalation of foreign material into the airways
air trapping ✅✅abnormal retention of air in the lung's airways and air sacs (alveoli)
during exhalation. Instead of fully emptying with each breath, some air gets "trapped"
inside.
fibrosis ✅✅replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
cyanosis ✅✅bluish discoloration of the skin. not enough O2
pleural effusion ✅✅accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
leukopenia ✅✅low WBC count aka leukocytes =less defense
nursing consideration w leukopenia ✅✅monitor for infections(fever,chills,sorethroat.)
encourage hand hygiene and limit exposure to sick individuals
malignant melanoma ✅✅most lethal form of skin cancer (ABCDE rule)
nurse consideration for malignant melanoma ✅✅early detection is key. monitor for
changing moles. use sunscreen, avoid tanningbeds
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ✅✅damaged kidneys cannot produce erythropoietin
(needed for RBC production)
nursing consideration for ESRD ✅✅monitor for anemia & fatigue
orthopenea ✅✅shortness of breathe when lying on back
apnea ✅✅temporary pause in breathing
crackles / rales ✅✅abnormal lung sounds, popping.bubbling, rattling
wheezing ✅✅high pitch, whistling sound
hypoxemia ✅✅low oxygen in blood
hypercapina ✅✅abnormally high level of co2 in arterial blood
residual volume ✅✅volume of air that remains in lungs after you breathe out
vital capacity ✅✅volume of air that can moved in/out of lungs w/ full forced breath
clubbing ✅✅physical deformity of fingers/toes
bronchodilation ✅✅Widening of air passages in lungs
Bronchoconstriction ✅✅Narrowing of air passages in lungs
COPD ✅✅chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Emphysema ✅✅damage of alveoli, air trapped. (leads to COPD) and barrell chest
asthma ✅✅disease of airways that causes period of reversible airflow obstruction
bronchitis ✅✅inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
aveoli ✅✅tiny balloon shaped airsacs @ very end of bronchioles. does gas exchange
bronchioles ✅✅smallest branches of the bronchi
atelectasis ✅✅collapsed lung or lobe
hemoptysis ✅✅bloody sputum / coughing up blood
sputum ✅✅mixture of cells, mucus, debris
, tachypnea ✅✅rapid breathing
bradypnea ✅✅slow breathing
dyspnea ✅✅difficulty breathing
CAP (community acquired pneumonia) ✅✅pneumonia contracted outside of a
healthcare setting
Streptococcus pneumonia ✅✅common bacterium in upper respiratory tract but can
cause a range of serious infections, including pneumonia, meningitis, ear infections,
HAP (hospital acquired pneumonia) ✅✅pneumonia contracted in hospital
staphylococcus aureus ✅✅bacteria that cause a wide range of infections from
abscesses (pockets of pus) to Pneumonia
aspiration ✅✅inhalation of foreign material into the airways
air trapping ✅✅abnormal retention of air in the lung's airways and air sacs (alveoli)
during exhalation. Instead of fully emptying with each breath, some air gets "trapped"
inside.
fibrosis ✅✅replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
cyanosis ✅✅bluish discoloration of the skin. not enough O2
pleural effusion ✅✅accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
leukopenia ✅✅low WBC count aka leukocytes =less defense
nursing consideration w leukopenia ✅✅monitor for infections(fever,chills,sorethroat.)
encourage hand hygiene and limit exposure to sick individuals
malignant melanoma ✅✅most lethal form of skin cancer (ABCDE rule)
nurse consideration for malignant melanoma ✅✅early detection is key. monitor for
changing moles. use sunscreen, avoid tanningbeds
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) ✅✅damaged kidneys cannot produce erythropoietin
(needed for RBC production)
nursing consideration for ESRD ✅✅monitor for anemia & fatigue
