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Statistics for Business and Economics I – LaTeX Summary

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Statistics for Business and Economics I – LaTeX Summary This is a comprehensive, well-structured summary of Statistics for Business and Economics I, created specifically for first-year Business Economics students and it can also be suitable for other introductory university-level statistics courses. Designed in LaTeX for a clean and academic presentation, it includes: Clear explanations of key concepts Step-by-step breakdowns of formulas and methods Well-designed graphs and visuals to support understanding A logical, syllabus-based structure aligned with course content Ideal preparation for Statistics II and future quantitative courses Whether you're revising for exams, catching up on lectures, or looking for a resource that could actually pass as a proper syllabus, this summary is built to support your success. Format: PDF Language: English Level: Bachelor – Year 1 (Business Economics)

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Statistics for Business and Economics I - 010257


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Contents




V
Introduction 8
Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8




U
DATA and decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8




ST
I Descriptive Statistics 11
1 Displaying and describing categorical data 12
1.1 Définitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Displaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Frenquency [%] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Relative frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Displaying categorical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
fo
Bar chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pie chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Data Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Contingency table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
d

2 Displaying and describing quantitative variables 16
2.1 Displaying quantitative variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.1 Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
de



Frequency table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Relative frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Histogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.2 Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
en




Mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Median . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1.3 Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
nt




Quantiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Typical deviation from the mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Standard deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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Inequality of Chebyshev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.4 Standardizing a variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
z-score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
en




2.1.5 Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Boxplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Time series plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.6 Transforming skewed data (skiped) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
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3 Correlation and Regression 26
3.1 Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26




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Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.1 Measuring correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Positive linear relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26




.C
Negative linear relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Properties of r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Correlation conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28




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3.2.1 Linear model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Least-squares method (LSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Interpreting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30




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II Probability 32
4 Randomness and Probability 33
4.1 Introduction to Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1.1 Probability Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33




ST
4.1.2 Sigma-Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1.3 Set theory notions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.4 Kolmogorov’s Axioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.5 Examples of Probability Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 Other Notions in Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Product Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
for
4.2.2 Independence of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3 Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.3.1 Independence of Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3.2 Discrete and Continuous Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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4.4 Probability rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.4.1 Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5 Lemmas and corollaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
nd



4.5.1 Conditional Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.2 Bayes’ Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.3 Diffence between independence and disjointness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.6 Displaying and chart(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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4.6.1 Contingency table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.6.2 Probability trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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5 Probability Models 43
5.1 Expectation/Expected value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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5.1.1 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.1.2 Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.2 Covariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2.1 Covariance and Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
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5.3 Variance and Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3.1 Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
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5.3.2 Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.4 Correlation of Two Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
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5.4.1 Skewness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55


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Table of contents

  1. 01 Introduction 8
    1. Required 9
  2. 02 I Descriptive Statistics 12
    1. Displaying and describing categorical data 13
    2. Displaying and describing quantitative variables 17
    3. Correlation and Regression 27
  3. 03 II Probability 33
    1. Randomness and Probability 34
    2. Probability Models 44
    3. Arrangements (Combinatorial configurations) 59
    4. Probability Laws 62
  4. 04 III Inferential Statistics 80
    1. What is a good model ? 81
    2. Observational Studies, Surveys, and Experiments (Inferential Statistics) 83
    3. Sampling Distribution of a Proportion and Confidence Interval for a Proportion 89
    4. CLT 99

Connected book
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Norean Sharpe, Richard De Veaux, Richard De Veaux Business Statistics, Global Edition
Publisher: 11 maart 2021 ISBN: 9781292269313 Edition: 4

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