2
BIO 669 Understanding Patho: Quiz 3 -
|| || || || || || ||
Endocrine System: Exam 2 with correct || || || || || ||
detailed solutions ||
5 functions of the endocrine system.
|| || || || ||
the first is differentiation of ___________ and ____________ in fetus. - Correct answer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔differentiation of reproductive system & CNS in fetus || || || || || || ||
The second function is stimulation of: - Correct answer ✔stimulation of growth &
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development (maturation). ||
The third function of the endocrine system is coordination of what systems? - Correct
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
answer ✔coordination of the male and female reproductive systems (secretion).
|| || || || || || || || ||
The fourth function of the endocrine system is maintenance of: - Correct answer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔maintenance of internal environment. || || ||
The fifth function of the endocrine system in adaption to: - Correct answer ✔adaption
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to emergency demands of body. Allows for increased efficiency & mobilization of energy
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
stores to manage stress.
|| || ||
The endocrine system affects __________ cells in the body. - Correct answer ✔nearly
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
every cell. ||
,2
Organs involved in the endocrine system: - Correct answer ✔multiple organs includes
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
pancreas, ovary, and testis. || || ||
Hormones have 4 general characteristics.
|| || || || ||
First, they have specific __________ and _____________ of secretion. Their patterns
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
depend on? - Correct answer ✔specific rates and rhythms of secretion.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Patterns depend on circulating substances.
|| || || ||
Some specific rates and rhythms of hormone secretion include: - Correct answer ✔-
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
diurnal: BID. ||
-pulsatile: rise or fall in a range.
|| || || || || ||
-cyclic: go up/down during certain times of day or sleep-wake cycles.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
released due to homeostatic changes, cyclical basis, or only when activated. Many
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
different patterns for how their regulated and released.
|| || || || || || ||
Hormones operate within ____________ systems. - Correct answer ✔feedback.
|| || || || || || || ||
Hormones affect only - Correct answer ✔target cells that have specific receptors to bind
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to a given hormone.
|| || || ||
For example: insulin affects many cells directly, but not the brain because there are no
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
receptors here. ||
,2
Hormones affecting only target cells with appropriate receptors allows for: - Correct
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
answer ✔release of hormones directly in the bloodstream.
|| || || || || || ||
Hormones are excreted by _____________ or deactivated by ________________ or
|| || || || || || || || || ||
____________. - Correct answer ✔excreted by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cellular mechanisms.
|| ||
metabolized by cells. || ||
Hormones are regulated by: - Correct answer ✔chemical, hormonal, and neural factors
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
What type of feedback does hormones use? - Correct answer ✔negative feedback.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
allows for narrow range of particular parameter. If range exceeded, the hormones will
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
rise or fall to move parameter back to the normal range.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Types of negative feedback loops for hormones: - Correct answer ✔1. long-loop feedback
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- the hormone will feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease stimulation of mediators
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that affect the secreting gland to reduce hormone production that affect target organs.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
End at the release of the hormone, loops all the way back to the tart of the process.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
2. short-feedback - hormone returns back to the secreting gland (ex: anterior pituitary).
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
3. ultra-short - T3/T4 feedbacks to the target organ causing reduction of secretion of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
these hormones. ||
Hormones are released into the circulatory system by: - Correct answer ✔endocrine
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
glands.
, 2
down-regulation vs up-regulation of hormone: - Correct answer ✔Down = high levels of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hormones can decrease affinity, number, or both of cells' receptors. Decreases
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
sensitization and responsiveness to hormones. If large amounts of hormone present, the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
cell will stop making receptors for that hormone. This will desensitize the cell to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hormone and cause it to become resistant to it.
|| || || || || || || ||
Up = low levels of hormone creates more receptors in the plasma membrane to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increase sensitization and responsiveness to hormones. Small amounts of hormone will
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
cause cell to start producing more and more of the receptor into the surface to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increase sensitization and respond more to the small amount of hormone.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
cells are constantly changing their number of receptors in response to the level of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hormones in the bloodstream. || || ||
direct vs permissive effects of hormones: - Correct answer ✔direct = ex: insulin directly
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
affecting cell's ability to incorporate glucose transporters to uptake glucose into the cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from the plasma to reduce blood glucose levels.
|| || || || || || ||
permissive = hormone can enable a second hormone to become functional to do a job.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
GH needs _____________ to be produced to have its full effect. - Correct answer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔thyroid hormone. ||
water-soluble vs. lipid-soluble form in the bloodstream - Correct answer ✔water-soluble
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
hormones circulate in free, unbound forms.
|| || || || ||
lipid-soluble hormones are primarily circulating bound to a carrier.
|| || || || || || || ||
water-soluble vs lipid-soluble: || ||
BIO 669 Understanding Patho: Quiz 3 -
|| || || || || || ||
Endocrine System: Exam 2 with correct || || || || || ||
detailed solutions ||
5 functions of the endocrine system.
|| || || || ||
the first is differentiation of ___________ and ____________ in fetus. - Correct answer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔differentiation of reproductive system & CNS in fetus || || || || || || ||
The second function is stimulation of: - Correct answer ✔stimulation of growth &
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development (maturation). ||
The third function of the endocrine system is coordination of what systems? - Correct
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
answer ✔coordination of the male and female reproductive systems (secretion).
|| || || || || || || || ||
The fourth function of the endocrine system is maintenance of: - Correct answer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔maintenance of internal environment. || || ||
The fifth function of the endocrine system in adaption to: - Correct answer ✔adaption
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to emergency demands of body. Allows for increased efficiency & mobilization of energy
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
stores to manage stress.
|| || ||
The endocrine system affects __________ cells in the body. - Correct answer ✔nearly
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
every cell. ||
,2
Organs involved in the endocrine system: - Correct answer ✔multiple organs includes
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
pancreas, ovary, and testis. || || ||
Hormones have 4 general characteristics.
|| || || || ||
First, they have specific __________ and _____________ of secretion. Their patterns
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
depend on? - Correct answer ✔specific rates and rhythms of secretion.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Patterns depend on circulating substances.
|| || || ||
Some specific rates and rhythms of hormone secretion include: - Correct answer ✔-
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
diurnal: BID. ||
-pulsatile: rise or fall in a range.
|| || || || || ||
-cyclic: go up/down during certain times of day or sleep-wake cycles.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
released due to homeostatic changes, cyclical basis, or only when activated. Many
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
different patterns for how their regulated and released.
|| || || || || || ||
Hormones operate within ____________ systems. - Correct answer ✔feedback.
|| || || || || || || ||
Hormones affect only - Correct answer ✔target cells that have specific receptors to bind
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
to a given hormone.
|| || || ||
For example: insulin affects many cells directly, but not the brain because there are no
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
receptors here. ||
,2
Hormones affecting only target cells with appropriate receptors allows for: - Correct
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
answer ✔release of hormones directly in the bloodstream.
|| || || || || || ||
Hormones are excreted by _____________ or deactivated by ________________ or
|| || || || || || || || || ||
____________. - Correct answer ✔excreted by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver or
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
cellular mechanisms.
|| ||
metabolized by cells. || ||
Hormones are regulated by: - Correct answer ✔chemical, hormonal, and neural factors
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
What type of feedback does hormones use? - Correct answer ✔negative feedback.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
allows for narrow range of particular parameter. If range exceeded, the hormones will
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
rise or fall to move parameter back to the normal range.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Types of negative feedback loops for hormones: - Correct answer ✔1. long-loop feedback
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
- the hormone will feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease stimulation of mediators
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
that affect the secreting gland to reduce hormone production that affect target organs.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
End at the release of the hormone, loops all the way back to the tart of the process.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
2. short-feedback - hormone returns back to the secreting gland (ex: anterior pituitary).
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
3. ultra-short - T3/T4 feedbacks to the target organ causing reduction of secretion of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
these hormones. ||
Hormones are released into the circulatory system by: - Correct answer ✔endocrine
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
glands.
, 2
down-regulation vs up-regulation of hormone: - Correct answer ✔Down = high levels of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hormones can decrease affinity, number, or both of cells' receptors. Decreases
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
sensitization and responsiveness to hormones. If large amounts of hormone present, the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
cell will stop making receptors for that hormone. This will desensitize the cell to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hormone and cause it to become resistant to it.
|| || || || || || || ||
Up = low levels of hormone creates more receptors in the plasma membrane to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increase sensitization and responsiveness to hormones. Small amounts of hormone will
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
cause cell to start producing more and more of the receptor into the surface to
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increase sensitization and respond more to the small amount of hormone.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
cells are constantly changing their number of receptors in response to the level of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hormones in the bloodstream. || || ||
direct vs permissive effects of hormones: - Correct answer ✔direct = ex: insulin directly
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
affecting cell's ability to incorporate glucose transporters to uptake glucose into the cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
from the plasma to reduce blood glucose levels.
|| || || || || || ||
permissive = hormone can enable a second hormone to become functional to do a job.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
GH needs _____________ to be produced to have its full effect. - Correct answer
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔thyroid hormone. ||
water-soluble vs. lipid-soluble form in the bloodstream - Correct answer ✔water-soluble
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
hormones circulate in free, unbound forms.
|| || || || ||
lipid-soluble hormones are primarily circulating bound to a carrier.
|| || || || || || || ||
water-soluble vs lipid-soluble: || ||
