NR 601 WEEK 1 REAL EXAM 150 QUESTIONS WITH 100% RATED
CORRECT ANSWERS (ACCURATELY PASSED) 2025 LATEST UPDATED
GET A+
Protein levels (normal, changes with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)Normal= 0-5mg/100ml.
Slightly raises with age d/t kidney changes with age, UTI, renal pathology.
Urine specific gravity (normal, changes with age, explanation) - (ANSWER)normal= 1.005-
1.020. lower maximum in elderly is 1.016-1.022. d/t decline in nephrons impairs ability to
concentrate urine.
ESR (normal for men vs. women, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)Men: 0-20.
Women 0-30. Age significantly increases level- it is neither sensitive or specific in aged adults
Iron Binding (norm, changes with agining) - (ANSWER)normal: 50-160, 230-410. slight
decrease with aging
Hgb (normal for men vs. women, change with aging) - (ANSWER)men: 13-18, women 12-16.
Changes will be present in elderly men: 10-17. No changes in women. Anemia is common in
elderly
Hct (normal, changes with aging) - (ANSWER)men: 45-52, women: 37-48. Slightly decreases
with age d/t decline in hematopoiesis.
Leuk (normal, change with aging, explanation for decrease). - (ANSWER)norm: 4,300-
10,800/mm3, with aging: Drop to 3,100-9,000/mm3. Decrease may be due to drugs or sepsis and
should not be attributed immediately to age
lymphocytes - (ANSWER)500-2,400 T cells/mm3 50-200 B cells/mm3. Levels fall with aging.
Infection risk higher; immunization encouraged
,plt count (normal, aging changes?) - (ANSWER)norm: 150,000-350,000... no change in
number.
Albumin (norm, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)norm: 3.5-5, decline seen with
aging. Related to decrease in liver size and enzymes; protein-energy malnutrition common
Globulin level (normal, change with aging) - (ANSWER)norm: 2.3-3.5, slight increase with
aging
Total serum protein (norm, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)6.0-8.4---no change
with aging. Decreases may indicate malnutrition, infection, liver disease
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (norm men vs. women, changes with aging, explnation) -
(ANSWER)Men: 10-25 mg/100 mL
Women: 8-20 mg/100 mL
Increases significantly up to 69 mg/100 mL....Decline in glomerular filtration rate; decreased
cardiac output
creatinine (norm, change with aging, explanation). - (ANSWER)0.6-1.5 mg/100 mL= norm.
Increases to 1.9 mg/100 mL seen. Related to lean body mass decrease
creatinine clearance (norm, change with aging, explanation). - (ANSWER)104-124 mL/min...
Decreases 10%/decade after age 40 years....Used for prescribing medications for drugs excreted
by kidney
Glucose tolerance (norm, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)62-110 mg/dL after
fasting; >120 mg/dL after 2 hours postprandial......Slight increase of 10 mg/dL/decade after 30
years of age.....Diabetes increasingly prevalent; drugs may cause glucose intolerance
,Alkaline phosphatase (norm, changes with elderly, explanation for elevations >20%.) -
(ANSWER)13-39 IU/L......Increase by 8-10 IU/L. Elevations >20% usually due to disease;
elevations may be found with bone abnormalities, drugs (e.g., narcotics), and eating a fatty meal
changes in integumentary system with age - (ANSWER)loss of SQ tissue and thin epidermis,
making pt prone to breakdown. Decreased vascularity: atrophy of sweat glands= decreased
sweat, decreased body odor, decreased heat loss, dryness
Respiratory system changes with aging and lung tissue elasticity - (ANSWER)decreased lung
tissue elasticity leading to decreased vital capacity
respiratory changes with aging (cilia) - (ANSWER)cilia atrophy- causing issues in transport and
putting patient at an increase susceptibility for infection
respiratory changes with aging (muscle) - (ANSWER)Reduced ability to handle secretions and
reduced effectiveness against noxious foreign particles • Partial inflation of lungs at rest
Increased risk of atelectasis
heart valve changes with aging - (ANSWER)thicken and get fibrotic- Reduced stroke volume,
cardiac output; may be altered. Decreased responsiveness to stress
SA node changes with aging - (ANSWER)Fibroelastic thickening of the sinoatrial node;
decreased number of pacemaker cells...Slower heart rate....Increased prevalence of arrhythmias
baroreceptor sensitivity changes w/aging - (ANSWER)Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
(stretch receptors), Decreased sensitivity to changes in blood pressure, Prone to loss of balance,
which increases the risk for falls
changes in liver with aging - (ANSWER)smaller, decrease storage capacity
, changes in GI muscle tone w/ aging - (ANSWER)decreased causing decreased motility and
increasing risk for constipation, functional bowel syndrome, esophageal spasm, and diverticular
disease.
change in metabolism with aging - (ANSWER)decreased, may need fewer calories.
Geriatric syndromes - (ANSWER)SPICES (sleep disturbance, problems with eating/feeding,
incontinence, confusion, evidence of falls, skin breakdown)
confusion - (ANSWER)unclear thinking- often caused by delirium or dementia
delirium definition - (ANSWER)state of mental confusion that develops suddenly and can
fluctuate over time.
sx of delirium - (ANSWER)Symptoms of delirium include hallucinations, delusions, and a
dreamlike state of incoherence and mental confusion. One in 10 hospitalized elderly patients has
episodes of delirium, and these patients often have poor outcomes.
Causes of delirium - (ANSWER)remember DELIRIUM
D: Drugs (anticholinergic, antidepressant, steroids, sedative)
• E: Electrolyte imbalance
• L: Lack of drugs (withdrawal, uncontrolled pain)
• I: Infection
• R: Reduced sensory input (vision or hearing loss)
• I: Intracranial (e.g., cerebral vascular accident or subdural hematoma)
• U: Urinary retention or fecal impaction
• M: Myocardial/pulmonary
CORRECT ANSWERS (ACCURATELY PASSED) 2025 LATEST UPDATED
GET A+
Protein levels (normal, changes with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)Normal= 0-5mg/100ml.
Slightly raises with age d/t kidney changes with age, UTI, renal pathology.
Urine specific gravity (normal, changes with age, explanation) - (ANSWER)normal= 1.005-
1.020. lower maximum in elderly is 1.016-1.022. d/t decline in nephrons impairs ability to
concentrate urine.
ESR (normal for men vs. women, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)Men: 0-20.
Women 0-30. Age significantly increases level- it is neither sensitive or specific in aged adults
Iron Binding (norm, changes with agining) - (ANSWER)normal: 50-160, 230-410. slight
decrease with aging
Hgb (normal for men vs. women, change with aging) - (ANSWER)men: 13-18, women 12-16.
Changes will be present in elderly men: 10-17. No changes in women. Anemia is common in
elderly
Hct (normal, changes with aging) - (ANSWER)men: 45-52, women: 37-48. Slightly decreases
with age d/t decline in hematopoiesis.
Leuk (normal, change with aging, explanation for decrease). - (ANSWER)norm: 4,300-
10,800/mm3, with aging: Drop to 3,100-9,000/mm3. Decrease may be due to drugs or sepsis and
should not be attributed immediately to age
lymphocytes - (ANSWER)500-2,400 T cells/mm3 50-200 B cells/mm3. Levels fall with aging.
Infection risk higher; immunization encouraged
,plt count (normal, aging changes?) - (ANSWER)norm: 150,000-350,000... no change in
number.
Albumin (norm, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)norm: 3.5-5, decline seen with
aging. Related to decrease in liver size and enzymes; protein-energy malnutrition common
Globulin level (normal, change with aging) - (ANSWER)norm: 2.3-3.5, slight increase with
aging
Total serum protein (norm, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)6.0-8.4---no change
with aging. Decreases may indicate malnutrition, infection, liver disease
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (norm men vs. women, changes with aging, explnation) -
(ANSWER)Men: 10-25 mg/100 mL
Women: 8-20 mg/100 mL
Increases significantly up to 69 mg/100 mL....Decline in glomerular filtration rate; decreased
cardiac output
creatinine (norm, change with aging, explanation). - (ANSWER)0.6-1.5 mg/100 mL= norm.
Increases to 1.9 mg/100 mL seen. Related to lean body mass decrease
creatinine clearance (norm, change with aging, explanation). - (ANSWER)104-124 mL/min...
Decreases 10%/decade after age 40 years....Used for prescribing medications for drugs excreted
by kidney
Glucose tolerance (norm, change with aging, explanation) - (ANSWER)62-110 mg/dL after
fasting; >120 mg/dL after 2 hours postprandial......Slight increase of 10 mg/dL/decade after 30
years of age.....Diabetes increasingly prevalent; drugs may cause glucose intolerance
,Alkaline phosphatase (norm, changes with elderly, explanation for elevations >20%.) -
(ANSWER)13-39 IU/L......Increase by 8-10 IU/L. Elevations >20% usually due to disease;
elevations may be found with bone abnormalities, drugs (e.g., narcotics), and eating a fatty meal
changes in integumentary system with age - (ANSWER)loss of SQ tissue and thin epidermis,
making pt prone to breakdown. Decreased vascularity: atrophy of sweat glands= decreased
sweat, decreased body odor, decreased heat loss, dryness
Respiratory system changes with aging and lung tissue elasticity - (ANSWER)decreased lung
tissue elasticity leading to decreased vital capacity
respiratory changes with aging (cilia) - (ANSWER)cilia atrophy- causing issues in transport and
putting patient at an increase susceptibility for infection
respiratory changes with aging (muscle) - (ANSWER)Reduced ability to handle secretions and
reduced effectiveness against noxious foreign particles • Partial inflation of lungs at rest
Increased risk of atelectasis
heart valve changes with aging - (ANSWER)thicken and get fibrotic- Reduced stroke volume,
cardiac output; may be altered. Decreased responsiveness to stress
SA node changes with aging - (ANSWER)Fibroelastic thickening of the sinoatrial node;
decreased number of pacemaker cells...Slower heart rate....Increased prevalence of arrhythmias
baroreceptor sensitivity changes w/aging - (ANSWER)Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
(stretch receptors), Decreased sensitivity to changes in blood pressure, Prone to loss of balance,
which increases the risk for falls
changes in liver with aging - (ANSWER)smaller, decrease storage capacity
, changes in GI muscle tone w/ aging - (ANSWER)decreased causing decreased motility and
increasing risk for constipation, functional bowel syndrome, esophageal spasm, and diverticular
disease.
change in metabolism with aging - (ANSWER)decreased, may need fewer calories.
Geriatric syndromes - (ANSWER)SPICES (sleep disturbance, problems with eating/feeding,
incontinence, confusion, evidence of falls, skin breakdown)
confusion - (ANSWER)unclear thinking- often caused by delirium or dementia
delirium definition - (ANSWER)state of mental confusion that develops suddenly and can
fluctuate over time.
sx of delirium - (ANSWER)Symptoms of delirium include hallucinations, delusions, and a
dreamlike state of incoherence and mental confusion. One in 10 hospitalized elderly patients has
episodes of delirium, and these patients often have poor outcomes.
Causes of delirium - (ANSWER)remember DELIRIUM
D: Drugs (anticholinergic, antidepressant, steroids, sedative)
• E: Electrolyte imbalance
• L: Lack of drugs (withdrawal, uncontrolled pain)
• I: Infection
• R: Reduced sensory input (vision or hearing loss)
• I: Intracranial (e.g., cerebral vascular accident or subdural hematoma)
• U: Urinary retention or fecal impaction
• M: Myocardial/pulmonary
