NURS 356 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔Non-STEMI - ✔✔-A myocardial infraction in which there is no ST-segment elevation.
-If the patient has symptoms of a heart attack, a good history, and raised troponin could
be having a NSTEMI
✔✔STEMI - ✔✔• STEMI heart attack "Myocardial infarction" is diagnosed when part of
the ST segment rises higher than normal.
• In most cases, there is a total blockage of one of the main coronary arteries that
provide blood to the heart muscle.
✔✔Nurse's role of patient with ACS: - ✔✔-Reducing myocardial workload
-Maximising cardiac output
-Monitoring effects of treatments and detecting complications
-Rapid treatment of complications
-Psychosocial support and teaching
✔✔Aspirin - ✔✔Action:
• Inhibits COX-1 and prevents platelet synthesis
• Vasoconstrictor and stimulant of platelet aggregation
• Anti-inflammatory to prevent plaque rupture
Side effects:
• GI irritation and bleeding
✔✔Ticagrelor - ✔✔Action:
Reduces platelet aggregation.
Side Effects:
Bleeding, bradycardia, dyspnoea
✔✔Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ✔✔Defined as an alteration in brain function or
evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force that can affect the scalp, skull,
or brain.
✔✔Leading Causes of TBI - ✔✔1.Falls
2.Struck by an object
3.MVA
✔✔2 Types of Brain Injuries - ✔✔· Diffuse Axonal Injury
· Focal Injury
✔✔Diffuse Axonal Injury - ✔✔-type of brain injury characterized by shearing, stretching,
or tearing of nerve fibers with subsequent axonal damage.
, ✔✔· Focal Injury - ✔✔restricted to one area of the brain
. skull fractures, cerebral contusions, subarachnoid haemorrhage
✔✔The different types of Intracranial Haemorrhage (ICH) - ✔✔-Epidural hematoma
-Subdural haematoma
-Subarachnoid haemorrhage/Intraventricular haematoma
-Intracerebral haemorrhage
✔✔Pathophysiology of TBI - ✔✔1. Brain suffers traumatic injury
2. Brain swelling or bleeding increases intracranial volume
3. Rigid cranium allows no room for expansion of contents so ICP raises
4. Pressure on blood vessels within brain causes blood flow to the brain to slow
5. Cerebral hypoxia and ischaemia occur
6. ICP continues to rise, brain may herniate
7. Cerebral blood flow ceases
8. Tissue hypoxia results
✔✔Primary vs Secondary Injury - ✔✔• Primary injury occurs at the initial time of the
injury: ie fall, MVA and results in the displacement, bruising, or damage of one of the
three components.
• Secondary injury is the resulting hypoxia, ischemia, hypotension, and oedema; Can
occur several hours after the injury.
✔✔Prevention of secondary injury is the key to improving morbidity and mortality - ✔✔•
Invasive measures for monitoring ICP are commonly used in patients with a TBI or after
neurological surgery
• Normal ICP: 7-15mmHg
• ICP > 20 is considered abnormal
• Increased ICP Can lead to a decrease in CPP and CBF which can result in a
secondary ischemic cerebral injury
✔✔Within the skull (Cranial volume) - ✔✔• 80% Brain
• 10% Blood
• 10% CSF
• ICP- 5-15mmhg
MAP - ICP = CPP
ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔Non-STEMI - ✔✔-A myocardial infraction in which there is no ST-segment elevation.
-If the patient has symptoms of a heart attack, a good history, and raised troponin could
be having a NSTEMI
✔✔STEMI - ✔✔• STEMI heart attack "Myocardial infarction" is diagnosed when part of
the ST segment rises higher than normal.
• In most cases, there is a total blockage of one of the main coronary arteries that
provide blood to the heart muscle.
✔✔Nurse's role of patient with ACS: - ✔✔-Reducing myocardial workload
-Maximising cardiac output
-Monitoring effects of treatments and detecting complications
-Rapid treatment of complications
-Psychosocial support and teaching
✔✔Aspirin - ✔✔Action:
• Inhibits COX-1 and prevents platelet synthesis
• Vasoconstrictor and stimulant of platelet aggregation
• Anti-inflammatory to prevent plaque rupture
Side effects:
• GI irritation and bleeding
✔✔Ticagrelor - ✔✔Action:
Reduces platelet aggregation.
Side Effects:
Bleeding, bradycardia, dyspnoea
✔✔Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - ✔✔Defined as an alteration in brain function or
evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force that can affect the scalp, skull,
or brain.
✔✔Leading Causes of TBI - ✔✔1.Falls
2.Struck by an object
3.MVA
✔✔2 Types of Brain Injuries - ✔✔· Diffuse Axonal Injury
· Focal Injury
✔✔Diffuse Axonal Injury - ✔✔-type of brain injury characterized by shearing, stretching,
or tearing of nerve fibers with subsequent axonal damage.
, ✔✔· Focal Injury - ✔✔restricted to one area of the brain
. skull fractures, cerebral contusions, subarachnoid haemorrhage
✔✔The different types of Intracranial Haemorrhage (ICH) - ✔✔-Epidural hematoma
-Subdural haematoma
-Subarachnoid haemorrhage/Intraventricular haematoma
-Intracerebral haemorrhage
✔✔Pathophysiology of TBI - ✔✔1. Brain suffers traumatic injury
2. Brain swelling or bleeding increases intracranial volume
3. Rigid cranium allows no room for expansion of contents so ICP raises
4. Pressure on blood vessels within brain causes blood flow to the brain to slow
5. Cerebral hypoxia and ischaemia occur
6. ICP continues to rise, brain may herniate
7. Cerebral blood flow ceases
8. Tissue hypoxia results
✔✔Primary vs Secondary Injury - ✔✔• Primary injury occurs at the initial time of the
injury: ie fall, MVA and results in the displacement, bruising, or damage of one of the
three components.
• Secondary injury is the resulting hypoxia, ischemia, hypotension, and oedema; Can
occur several hours after the injury.
✔✔Prevention of secondary injury is the key to improving morbidity and mortality - ✔✔•
Invasive measures for monitoring ICP are commonly used in patients with a TBI or after
neurological surgery
• Normal ICP: 7-15mmHg
• ICP > 20 is considered abnormal
• Increased ICP Can lead to a decrease in CPP and CBF which can result in a
secondary ischemic cerebral injury
✔✔Within the skull (Cranial volume) - ✔✔• 80% Brain
• 10% Blood
• 10% CSF
• ICP- 5-15mmhg
MAP - ICP = CPP
