NURS 356 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔What are 2 common medications used in ALS? - ✔✔1. Adrenaline (Epinephrine):
• Indications: Both shockable and non-shockable rhythms.
• Dosage: 1 mg bolus (10 mL of 1:10,000) or (1 mL of 1:1000).
• Mechanism of Action: Acts as a vasoconstrictor, increasing coronary and cerebral
perfusion. It also enhances myocardial contractility.
2. Amiodarone:
• Indications: Shockable rhythms (e.g., Ventricular Fibrillation, Pulseless Ventricular
Tachycardia).
• Dosage: 300 mg bolus diluted in 20 mL of 5% dextrose.
• Mechanism of Action: Acts as an antiarrhythmic agent by prolonging the duration of
the action potential and refractory period in cardiac tissues, thereby stabilizing abnormal
rhythms.
✔✔List some common causes of arrest - ✔✔Cardiac arythmias
Myocardial infarction
Hypoxia
Hypovolemia
Electrolyte imbalances
Drug overdose
Trauma
Hypothermia
Stroke
✔✔What is the purpose of an endotracheal tube? - ✔✔ETT is inserted through the
mouth (or sometimes nose) into the trachea to establish and secure the airway. It
ensures adequate ventilation and oxygenation in patients who are unable to maintain
their airway or breathe effectively on their own due to various medical conditions or
interventions
✔✔What are the indications for ETT - ✔✔• Upper airway obstruction (e.g., due to
trauma, swelling, or foreign body)
• Apnea (absence of spontaneous breathing)
• High-risk aspirations (e.g., decreased level of consciousness, impaired gag reflex)
• Ineffective clearance of secretions
• Respiratory distress or failure
• Respiratory or cardiac arrest
✔✔Nursing management of a patient with an ETT? - ✔✔•Oral care: Regular oral
hygiene to prevent complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia.
•Securing the tube: Ensure the ETT is securely taped or tied to prevent accidental
dislodgment.
•Suctioning: Regular suctioning to clear secretions and maintain airway patency.
•Positioning: Proper head positioning to prevent kinking or obstruction of the ETT.
, ✔✔What is the definition of the 4 H's and 4 T's - ✔✔They are categories of reversible
causes of cardiac arrest that health providers evaluate and address during
resuscitation.
✔✔What are the 4 H's - ✔✔1. Hypoxia: Inadequate oxygen supply to tissues.
2. Hypovolemia: Insufficient circulating blood volume. =
3. Hypothermia: Core body temperature below normal levels.
4. Hypo/hyperkalemia (Electrolyte Imbalances): Abnormal potassium levels in the blood.
✔✔What are the 4 T's - ✔✔1. Toxins: Ingestion or exposure to toxic substances.
2. Tamponade (Cardiac): Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid (e.g.,
blood, pus) in the pericardial sac.
3. Tension Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air in the pleural space under pressure,
causing lung collapse and displacement of the mediastinum.
4. Thrombosis (Coronary or Pulmonary): Formation of blood clots that obstruct blood
flow in the coronary arteries (coronary thrombosis) or pulmonary arteries (pulmonary
embolism).
✔✔What are the signs of anaphylaxis? - ✔✔1. Skin Symptoms:
• Hives (urticaria), Flushing, Swelling
2. Respiratory Symptoms:
• Difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, or persistent
coughing.
• Swelling of the throat: Can lead to a sensation of throat tightness or difficulty
swallowing.
• Stridor: High-pitched breathing sound due to airway obstruction.
3. Cardiovascular Symptoms:
• Rapid or weak pulse: Palpitations, irregular heartbeat, or a sensation of a racing heart.
• Drop in blood pressure (hypotension): Manifesting as lightheadedness, dizziness, or
loss of consciousness.
• Fainting or loss of consciousness: Due to decreased blood flow to the brain.
4. Gastrointestinal Symptoms:
✔✔What acronym is used in a respiratory assesement? - ✔✔R-Respiratory Rate
A- Auscultate
T- Trachea Midline
E-Effort of breathing
S-SPO2
✔✔What is PEEP - ✔✔-Positive end expiratory Pressure
-It should sit at 5 andallows our lungs to hold a pressure so they don't completely deflate
on expiration
- Allows gas exchange to happen due to better inflation of the lungs
ANSWERS TAGGED A+
✔✔What are 2 common medications used in ALS? - ✔✔1. Adrenaline (Epinephrine):
• Indications: Both shockable and non-shockable rhythms.
• Dosage: 1 mg bolus (10 mL of 1:10,000) or (1 mL of 1:1000).
• Mechanism of Action: Acts as a vasoconstrictor, increasing coronary and cerebral
perfusion. It also enhances myocardial contractility.
2. Amiodarone:
• Indications: Shockable rhythms (e.g., Ventricular Fibrillation, Pulseless Ventricular
Tachycardia).
• Dosage: 300 mg bolus diluted in 20 mL of 5% dextrose.
• Mechanism of Action: Acts as an antiarrhythmic agent by prolonging the duration of
the action potential and refractory period in cardiac tissues, thereby stabilizing abnormal
rhythms.
✔✔List some common causes of arrest - ✔✔Cardiac arythmias
Myocardial infarction
Hypoxia
Hypovolemia
Electrolyte imbalances
Drug overdose
Trauma
Hypothermia
Stroke
✔✔What is the purpose of an endotracheal tube? - ✔✔ETT is inserted through the
mouth (or sometimes nose) into the trachea to establish and secure the airway. It
ensures adequate ventilation and oxygenation in patients who are unable to maintain
their airway or breathe effectively on their own due to various medical conditions or
interventions
✔✔What are the indications for ETT - ✔✔• Upper airway obstruction (e.g., due to
trauma, swelling, or foreign body)
• Apnea (absence of spontaneous breathing)
• High-risk aspirations (e.g., decreased level of consciousness, impaired gag reflex)
• Ineffective clearance of secretions
• Respiratory distress or failure
• Respiratory or cardiac arrest
✔✔Nursing management of a patient with an ETT? - ✔✔•Oral care: Regular oral
hygiene to prevent complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia.
•Securing the tube: Ensure the ETT is securely taped or tied to prevent accidental
dislodgment.
•Suctioning: Regular suctioning to clear secretions and maintain airway patency.
•Positioning: Proper head positioning to prevent kinking or obstruction of the ETT.
, ✔✔What is the definition of the 4 H's and 4 T's - ✔✔They are categories of reversible
causes of cardiac arrest that health providers evaluate and address during
resuscitation.
✔✔What are the 4 H's - ✔✔1. Hypoxia: Inadequate oxygen supply to tissues.
2. Hypovolemia: Insufficient circulating blood volume. =
3. Hypothermia: Core body temperature below normal levels.
4. Hypo/hyperkalemia (Electrolyte Imbalances): Abnormal potassium levels in the blood.
✔✔What are the 4 T's - ✔✔1. Toxins: Ingestion or exposure to toxic substances.
2. Tamponade (Cardiac): Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid (e.g.,
blood, pus) in the pericardial sac.
3. Tension Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air in the pleural space under pressure,
causing lung collapse and displacement of the mediastinum.
4. Thrombosis (Coronary or Pulmonary): Formation of blood clots that obstruct blood
flow in the coronary arteries (coronary thrombosis) or pulmonary arteries (pulmonary
embolism).
✔✔What are the signs of anaphylaxis? - ✔✔1. Skin Symptoms:
• Hives (urticaria), Flushing, Swelling
2. Respiratory Symptoms:
• Difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, or persistent
coughing.
• Swelling of the throat: Can lead to a sensation of throat tightness or difficulty
swallowing.
• Stridor: High-pitched breathing sound due to airway obstruction.
3. Cardiovascular Symptoms:
• Rapid or weak pulse: Palpitations, irregular heartbeat, or a sensation of a racing heart.
• Drop in blood pressure (hypotension): Manifesting as lightheadedness, dizziness, or
loss of consciousness.
• Fainting or loss of consciousness: Due to decreased blood flow to the brain.
4. Gastrointestinal Symptoms:
✔✔What acronym is used in a respiratory assesement? - ✔✔R-Respiratory Rate
A- Auscultate
T- Trachea Midline
E-Effort of breathing
S-SPO2
✔✔What is PEEP - ✔✔-Positive end expiratory Pressure
-It should sit at 5 andallows our lungs to hold a pressure so they don't completely deflate
on expiration
- Allows gas exchange to happen due to better inflation of the lungs
