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LING 209 Exam 2 with correct answers

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LING 209 Exam 2 with correct answers

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LING 209 Exam 2 with correct answers |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




I-Language - Correct answer ✔Language that is internal to the mind, a natural object,
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meaningful, infinitely generative, rule governed, and spontaneously acquired by infants of
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the species
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E-Language - Correct answer ✔Externalized language used for any outward expression (ex:
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speech, writing, signs, texting)
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Generative Linguistics - Correct answer ✔Language is structured, hierarchical, and
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computational in nature. Given a finite set of rules and primitives, infinite objects can |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




conform to the grammar |||||| |||||| ||||||




Methodologies Linguists use to test hypotheses - Correct answer ✔ |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Phonetic Features - Correct answer ✔Speech sounds have them. Used when we have
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phonological rules ||||||




Phonetics - Correct answer ✔The study of speech sounds. Analysis of physical objects. [ ]
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actually articulated ||||||




Phonology - Correct answer ✔Abstract. In the mind. Study of how sounds pattern in
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Language according to rules and principles. / / in the mind
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Morpheme - Correct answer ✔in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be
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a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). Form and meaning
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||

, 2


Phoneme - Correct answer ✔in Language (in the mind), the smallest distinctive sound unit.
|||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




Phonetics



Allophone - Correct answer ✔Any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme
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that are actually articulated/said out loud. Physically distinct from one another. Phonology
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Continuous Perception - Correct answer ✔Linear relation between variation in VOT and |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




perceptual identification. Smooth continuum. |||||| |||||| ||||||




Categorical Perception - Correct answer ✔The perception of speech sounds as belonging to |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




discrete categories ||||||




Humans perceive speech as ____ when it really is ____ - Correct answer ✔Humans perceive
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speech as categorical when the speech stream itself is continuous
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Voice Onset Time (VOT) - Correct answer ✔+/- voice occurring in all languages. The time it
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takes to perceive the categorical data after the stop has been released
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Categorical Perception of Adults, Infants, and Chinchillas - Correct answer ✔All three groups |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| ||||||




will categorically perceive speech sounds. Chinchillas *learn* this over time.
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Variability of the Speech Stream - Correct answer ✔The speech stream is NOT categorical.
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Phonetic features are binary (+ or - a feature). But, the speech stream does no reflect the
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binary "on-off" so humans' perceptual system interpret speech as categorical.
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Within the speaker: rate of speech, emotional state, acoustic input in the environment
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Between speakers: dialect variation, unique tone and pitch, sound wave frequency being
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slightly different ||||||

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