NSG 530 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
2025 Questions and Answers
A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and
phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
A) Calcium
B) Struvite
C) Uric acid
D) Indinavir - ANS B) Struvite
A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which condition
is associated with this medical problem?
A) Spinal cord injury
B) Immune system dysfunction
C) Congestive heart failure
D) Renal carcinoma - ANS A) Spinal cord injury
Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct?
A) It is associated with p53.
B) Symptoms include painless hematuria.
C) Early stages produce a large abdominal mass.
D) Granular cell tumors have better prognosis. - ANS B) Symptoms include painless
hematuria.
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,A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with bacteria in the urine.
What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract that is likely to cause
such symptoms?
A) Cystitis
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Urinary tract infection
D) Asymptomatic bacteriuria - ANS B) Pyelonephritis
With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Staphylococcus
C) Group A Streptococcus
D) Klebsiella - ANS C) Group A Streptococcus
A diabetic child with 4.0 g of protein in her urine each day is experiencing edema and vitamin D
deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Nephritic syndrome
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Acute renal failure
D) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - ANS Nephrotic syndrome
A 2-month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the
penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly?
A) Hypospadias
B) Epispadias
C) Exstrophy
D) Ureteropelvic junction - ANS Epispadias
Pg. 2 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,A patient presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and receding chin.
What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
A) Potter syndrome
B) Polycystic kidney disease
C) Infundibular stenosis
D) Megacalycosis - ANS Potter syndrome
A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which statement regarding this
child's acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is true?
A) Antibody-antigen complexes of IgM, IgG, and IgA are deposited.
B) The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
C) There is decreased vascular permeability.
D) No signs of inflammation are present. - ANS The exact mechanism of immune complexes
is unknown.
A patient presents with skin lesions as well as hematuria, proteinuria, and abdominal pain.
Which is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A) Henoch-Schonlein purpura
B) Hemolytic uremic syndrome
C) Primary nephrotic syndrome
D) Minimal change nephropathy - ANS Henoch-Schonlein purpura
What is the cause of minimal change nephropathy?
A) Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
B) Verotoxin of E. coli
C) IgA deposition
D) Inflammation of the glomeruli - ANS Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
Pg. 3 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
, A child whose kidneys are enlarged presents with chills, fever, and abdominal pain. The most
likely diagnosis is:
A) acute pyelonephritis.
B) vesicoureteral reflux.
C) urinary tract infection.
D) enuresis. - ANS acute pyelonephritis
What are the major causes of bladder outlet obstruction?
A) Urethral valves and polyps
B) Kidney stones and Wilms' tumor
C) Kidney stones and warts
D) Urethral valves and warts - ANS Urethral valves and polyps
Which conditions are complications of a horseshoe kidney? (select all that apply)
A) Hydronephrosis
B) Hypospadias
C) Infection
D) Stone formation
E) Enuresis - ANS Hydronephrosis
Infection
Stone formation
The development of which characteristic is the first sign of puberty in females?
A) Menarche
B) Pubic hair
C) Thelarche
Pg. 4 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
2025 Questions and Answers
A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and
phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
A) Calcium
B) Struvite
C) Uric acid
D) Indinavir - ANS B) Struvite
A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which condition
is associated with this medical problem?
A) Spinal cord injury
B) Immune system dysfunction
C) Congestive heart failure
D) Renal carcinoma - ANS A) Spinal cord injury
Which statement regarding renal cell carcinoma is correct?
A) It is associated with p53.
B) Symptoms include painless hematuria.
C) Early stages produce a large abdominal mass.
D) Granular cell tumors have better prognosis. - ANS B) Symptoms include painless
hematuria.
Pg. 1 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,A patient who reports abdominal and back pain has been diagnosed with bacteria in the urine.
What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract that is likely to cause
such symptoms?
A) Cystitis
B) Pyelonephritis
C) Urinary tract infection
D) Asymptomatic bacteriuria - ANS B) Pyelonephritis
With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Staphylococcus
C) Group A Streptococcus
D) Klebsiella - ANS C) Group A Streptococcus
A diabetic child with 4.0 g of protein in her urine each day is experiencing edema and vitamin D
deficiency. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Nephritic syndrome
B) Nephrotic syndrome
C) Acute renal failure
D) Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis - ANS Nephrotic syndrome
A 2-month-old male patient presents with the urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the
penis. Which term is the correct name for this anomaly?
A) Hypospadias
B) Epispadias
C) Exstrophy
D) Ureteropelvic junction - ANS Epispadias
Pg. 2 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
,A patient presents with wide-set eyes, "parrot beak" nose, low-set ears, and receding chin.
What is the renal manifestation associated with this presentation?
A) Potter syndrome
B) Polycystic kidney disease
C) Infundibular stenosis
D) Megacalycosis - ANS Potter syndrome
A 6-year-old has just recovered from streptococcal pharyngitis. Which statement regarding this
child's acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is true?
A) Antibody-antigen complexes of IgM, IgG, and IgA are deposited.
B) The exact mechanism of immune complexes is unknown.
C) There is decreased vascular permeability.
D) No signs of inflammation are present. - ANS The exact mechanism of immune complexes
is unknown.
A patient presents with skin lesions as well as hematuria, proteinuria, and abdominal pain.
Which is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A) Henoch-Schonlein purpura
B) Hemolytic uremic syndrome
C) Primary nephrotic syndrome
D) Minimal change nephropathy - ANS Henoch-Schonlein purpura
What is the cause of minimal change nephropathy?
A) Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
B) Verotoxin of E. coli
C) IgA deposition
D) Inflammation of the glomeruli - ANS Fusion of the glomerular foot processes
Pg. 3 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
, A child whose kidneys are enlarged presents with chills, fever, and abdominal pain. The most
likely diagnosis is:
A) acute pyelonephritis.
B) vesicoureteral reflux.
C) urinary tract infection.
D) enuresis. - ANS acute pyelonephritis
What are the major causes of bladder outlet obstruction?
A) Urethral valves and polyps
B) Kidney stones and Wilms' tumor
C) Kidney stones and warts
D) Urethral valves and warts - ANS Urethral valves and polyps
Which conditions are complications of a horseshoe kidney? (select all that apply)
A) Hydronephrosis
B) Hypospadias
C) Infection
D) Stone formation
E) Enuresis - ANS Hydronephrosis
Infection
Stone formation
The development of which characteristic is the first sign of puberty in females?
A) Menarche
B) Pubic hair
C) Thelarche
Pg. 4 Copyright © 2025 Jasonmcconell. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
