MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
Charles Babbage (1847) - - -
correct answer ✅developed the first opthalmoscope
Herman von Helmholtx (1851) - - -
correct answer ✅developed the first "modern" opthalmoscope
Direct O: Internal illumination system - - -
correct answer ✅light source (light bulb), condensing lenses,
reflecting prism, apertures (dif sizes/shapes/filters)
Direct O: Observation system - - -
correct answer ✅peephole, spherical lenses (+/-) to modify focal
length
Indirect opthalmoscopy - - -
correct answer ✅BIO, fundus (78/90) --> real, inverted images.
Often binocular. Smaller magnification, larger field of view
Direct opthalmoscopy - - -
correct answer ✅upright, virtual image magnified by optical
system of patient's eye. Monocular. Larger magnification, smaller
field of view
,MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
Direct O: Field of view - - -
correct answer ✅Approx 6.5 degrees; similar to size of the average
optic nerve head; smaller in myopes, larger in hyperopes
Direct o: Magnification - - -
correct answer ✅approximately 15x; larger in myopes, smaller in
hyperopes
Direct O: steps - - -
correct answer ✅1) inspect ocular media from distance (clear, look
for opacities)
2) examine anterior segment (front)
3) examine posterior segment (back)
Clear components of the eye - - -
correct answer ✅cornea, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, vitreous
humor
Red Reflex - - -
correct answer ✅reflection off of the retina; stand ~2ft from pt
,MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
with no power in O-scope; move side-to-side and up/down;
opacities are shadows
direct o: Ocular media - - -
correct answer ✅examine aqueous humor and vitreous w/ direct o
-- difficult
direct o: anterior segment - - -
correct answer ✅move closer and increase (+) power to within 4-6
inches; evaluate cornea, iris, surrounding tissues.
direct o: posterior segment - - -
correct answer ✅approach fixating on red reflex; reduce amount
of plus; positioned ~15degrees temporally from pts line of sight;
increases field of view as closer
posterior segment evaluations - - -
correct answer ✅optic nerve head, peripapillary area (adjacent to
nerve), fundus/vasculature, macula (darker, temporal)
optic nerve head - - -
correct answer ✅located ~15* nasal from macula and line of sight
, MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
--> color, nerve fiber layer, margins, cup/disc ratio, spontaneous
venous pulsation
optic nerve: color - - -
correct answer ✅normal ONH slight pink - more so towards
rim/border; may have orangish/yellow; very white = pallor
pseudopallor - - -
correct answer ✅post cataract surgery -- yellow lens removed,
making ONH appear far whiter in appearance
optic nerve: neuroretinal rim - - -
correct answer ✅most important aspect of optic nerve --
represents nerve fibers of retina heading towards brain. Look for
abnormal/thinning of neuroretinal rim tissue
ISNT rule - - -
correct answer ✅normal distribution of neuroretinal rim tissue --
Inferior > Superior > Nasal > Temporal
Material Questions And Answers
Charles Babbage (1847) - - -
correct answer ✅developed the first opthalmoscope
Herman von Helmholtx (1851) - - -
correct answer ✅developed the first "modern" opthalmoscope
Direct O: Internal illumination system - - -
correct answer ✅light source (light bulb), condensing lenses,
reflecting prism, apertures (dif sizes/shapes/filters)
Direct O: Observation system - - -
correct answer ✅peephole, spherical lenses (+/-) to modify focal
length
Indirect opthalmoscopy - - -
correct answer ✅BIO, fundus (78/90) --> real, inverted images.
Often binocular. Smaller magnification, larger field of view
Direct opthalmoscopy - - -
correct answer ✅upright, virtual image magnified by optical
system of patient's eye. Monocular. Larger magnification, smaller
field of view
,MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
Direct O: Field of view - - -
correct answer ✅Approx 6.5 degrees; similar to size of the average
optic nerve head; smaller in myopes, larger in hyperopes
Direct o: Magnification - - -
correct answer ✅approximately 15x; larger in myopes, smaller in
hyperopes
Direct O: steps - - -
correct answer ✅1) inspect ocular media from distance (clear, look
for opacities)
2) examine anterior segment (front)
3) examine posterior segment (back)
Clear components of the eye - - -
correct answer ✅cornea, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, vitreous
humor
Red Reflex - - -
correct answer ✅reflection off of the retina; stand ~2ft from pt
,MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
with no power in O-scope; move side-to-side and up/down;
opacities are shadows
direct o: Ocular media - - -
correct answer ✅examine aqueous humor and vitreous w/ direct o
-- difficult
direct o: anterior segment - - -
correct answer ✅move closer and increase (+) power to within 4-6
inches; evaluate cornea, iris, surrounding tissues.
direct o: posterior segment - - -
correct answer ✅approach fixating on red reflex; reduce amount
of plus; positioned ~15degrees temporally from pts line of sight;
increases field of view as closer
posterior segment evaluations - - -
correct answer ✅optic nerve head, peripapillary area (adjacent to
nerve), fundus/vasculature, macula (darker, temporal)
optic nerve head - - -
correct answer ✅located ~15* nasal from macula and line of sight
, MCPHS Clinical Optometry Exam 2
Material Questions And Answers
--> color, nerve fiber layer, margins, cup/disc ratio, spontaneous
venous pulsation
optic nerve: color - - -
correct answer ✅normal ONH slight pink - more so towards
rim/border; may have orangish/yellow; very white = pallor
pseudopallor - - -
correct answer ✅post cataract surgery -- yellow lens removed,
making ONH appear far whiter in appearance
optic nerve: neuroretinal rim - - -
correct answer ✅most important aspect of optic nerve --
represents nerve fibers of retina heading towards brain. Look for
abnormal/thinning of neuroretinal rim tissue
ISNT rule - - -
correct answer ✅normal distribution of neuroretinal rim tissue --
Inferior > Superior > Nasal > Temporal
