AQA PSYCHOLOGY A LEVEL 2021 PAPER 2
MS
Give bone breason bwhy bschema's bare buseful?answersWhen bwe're bin bunknown bsituations
bschemas bhelp bus bknow bhow bto bbehave. bSo bwhen bwe bdo bnot bknow bwhat bto bdo bour
bschema bfills bin bthe bgaps bfor bus band ballow bus bto bprocess bsituations bbetter.
Give bone breason bwhy bschema's bare bnot buseful?answersschemas bmay bexclude binformation
bwhich bdoesn't bconform bto bour bprior bexpectations. bAs ba bresult, bwe bmay bform bstereotypes
bwhich bare bdifficult bto bshift, beven bif bnew,disputing binformation bis bpresented. bThis bmeans
bwe bmay bnot bbe bprocessing bthe bworld baround bus baccurately band bmay bmisjudge bor
brepresent ba bperson bor bsituation.
Discuss bthe bdefense bmechanism bshown bby bJed?answersDisplacement bis bwhen bwe bredirect
bour bhostile bfeelings bonto bsomething belse bbecause bit bis bnot bappropriate bto bexpress btheir
bfeeling btowards bthe bperson bor bobject bin bquestion. bJed bcan't btake bhis bfrustration bout bon
bhis bteacher, bwho bissued bthe bdetention band bhe bdisplaced bhis bfeelings bby bkicking bthe
blocker.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b
(A01 bBehaviourist)answersThe bbehaviourist bapproach bsuggests bthat bthe bbasic bprocesses
bthat bgovern blearning bin ball bspecies bare bthe bsame. bWe blearn bthrough btwo bconcepts:
boperant bconditioning band bclassical bconditioning.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(classical bconditioning)answersThe bidea bof bclassical bconditioning bwas bdeveloped
bby bPavlov bwho bfound bthat bwe blearn bthrough bassociation. bHe bfound bthat bit bwas bpossible
bto bcondition bdogs bto bassociate bthe bsound bof ba bbell bwith bfood. bThis bresulted bin bthe
bdogs bproducing ba bsalivation bresponse bat bthe bsound bof ba bbell beven bwhen bno bfood bwas
bpresent. bPavlov bdemonstrated bthat brepeated bexposure bto ban bevent bleads bto ba blearned
band buncontrollable bbehaviour.
, Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(operant bconditioning)answersSkinner bsuggested bbehaviour bresulted bfrom
blearning bthrough bthe bconsequences bof bour bactions. bHe bconducted bresearch binto boperant
bconditioning btheory busing brats, band bfound bthat bthree btypes bof bconsequences bwill baffect
bbehaviour: bpositive breinforcement binvolves brewarding ba bbehaviour, bwhich bincreases bit
bbeing brepeated; bnegative breinforcement binvolves bremoving ban bunpleasant boutcome bto
bincrease bit bbeing brepeated; bpunishment binvolves badding ban bunpleasant boutcome,reducing
bthe bbehaviour.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(similarity bto bbiological)answersBoth bthe bbehaviourist bapproach band bbiological
bapproach bshare ba bsimilarity bin bbeing bdeterminist. bBoth bignore bthe binfluence bthat bthe
bperson bcan bhave band bwhether bthey bhave bfree bwill band bcan bmake btheir bown bchoices bin
bthese bdecisions.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(difference)answersHowever, bthey bdiffer bin bthat bthe bbehaviourist bapproach bis
benvironmentally bdeterminist bwhile bthe bbiological bapproach bis bbiologically bdeterminist.
bStating bthat bbehaviour bis bthe bproduct bof binternal bbiological bfactors b(e.g. bgenes,
bhormones, bneurotransmitters, betc.) bwhile bbehaviourists bargue bthat bbehaviour bis
bdetermined bby bthe benvironment band bis ba bproduct bof bstimulus-response bassociations
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach b(similarity)answersBoth bapproaches btake ba bnomothetic bapproach bwhen bstudying
bhuman bbehaviour. bBoth binvestigate bbehaviour bto btry bto bcreate buniversal blaws bthat bapply
bto ball bhuman bbeings. bBiologists bargue bthat bthis bis bpossible bbecause bhuman bbeings bshare
bsimilar bphysiologies, band bbehaviourists bargue bthat bthis bis bpossible bbecause ball bbehaviour
bis bthe bresult bof blearning band bstimulus-response bassociations. bTherefore, bthe baim bof
bgenerating buniversal blaws bthat bapply bto ball bhumans bis banother bsimilarity bbetween bthe
bbehaviourist band bbiological bapproaches.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach b(nature b+ bnurture)answersthe bbehaviourist bapproach band bbiological bapproach
MS
Give bone breason bwhy bschema's bare buseful?answersWhen bwe're bin bunknown bsituations
bschemas bhelp bus bknow bhow bto bbehave. bSo bwhen bwe bdo bnot bknow bwhat bto bdo bour
bschema bfills bin bthe bgaps bfor bus band ballow bus bto bprocess bsituations bbetter.
Give bone breason bwhy bschema's bare bnot buseful?answersschemas bmay bexclude binformation
bwhich bdoesn't bconform bto bour bprior bexpectations. bAs ba bresult, bwe bmay bform bstereotypes
bwhich bare bdifficult bto bshift, beven bif bnew,disputing binformation bis bpresented. bThis bmeans
bwe bmay bnot bbe bprocessing bthe bworld baround bus baccurately band bmay bmisjudge bor
brepresent ba bperson bor bsituation.
Discuss bthe bdefense bmechanism bshown bby bJed?answersDisplacement bis bwhen bwe bredirect
bour bhostile bfeelings bonto bsomething belse bbecause bit bis bnot bappropriate bto bexpress btheir
bfeeling btowards bthe bperson bor bobject bin bquestion. bJed bcan't btake bhis bfrustration bout bon
bhis bteacher, bwho bissued bthe bdetention band bhe bdisplaced bhis bfeelings bby bkicking bthe
blocker.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b
(A01 bBehaviourist)answersThe bbehaviourist bapproach bsuggests bthat bthe bbasic bprocesses
bthat bgovern blearning bin ball bspecies bare bthe bsame. bWe blearn bthrough btwo bconcepts:
boperant bconditioning band bclassical bconditioning.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(classical bconditioning)answersThe bidea bof bclassical bconditioning bwas bdeveloped
bby bPavlov bwho bfound bthat bwe blearn bthrough bassociation. bHe bfound bthat bit bwas bpossible
bto bcondition bdogs bto bassociate bthe bsound bof ba bbell bwith bfood. bThis bresulted bin bthe
bdogs bproducing ba bsalivation bresponse bat bthe bsound bof ba bbell beven bwhen bno bfood bwas
bpresent. bPavlov bdemonstrated bthat brepeated bexposure bto ban bevent bleads bto ba blearned
band buncontrollable bbehaviour.
, Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(operant bconditioning)answersSkinner bsuggested bbehaviour bresulted bfrom
blearning bthrough bthe bconsequences bof bour bactions. bHe bconducted bresearch binto boperant
bconditioning btheory busing brats, band bfound bthat bthree btypes bof bconsequences bwill baffect
bbehaviour: bpositive breinforcement binvolves brewarding ba bbehaviour, bwhich bincreases bit
bbeing brepeated; bnegative breinforcement binvolves bremoving ban bunpleasant boutcome bto
bincrease bit bbeing brepeated; bpunishment binvolves badding ban bunpleasant boutcome,reducing
bthe bbehaviour.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(similarity bto bbiological)answersBoth bthe bbehaviourist bapproach band bbiological
bapproach bshare ba bsimilarity bin bbeing bdeterminist. bBoth bignore bthe binfluence bthat bthe
bperson bcan bhave band bwhether bthey bhave bfree bwill band bcan bmake btheir bown bchoices bin
bthese bdecisions.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach, b(difference)answersHowever, bthey bdiffer bin bthat bthe bbehaviourist bapproach bis
benvironmentally bdeterminist bwhile bthe bbiological bapproach bis bbiologically bdeterminist.
bStating bthat bbehaviour bis bthe bproduct bof binternal bbiological bfactors b(e.g. bgenes,
bhormones, bneurotransmitters, betc.) bwhile bbehaviourists bargue bthat bbehaviour bis
bdetermined bby bthe benvironment band bis ba bproduct bof bstimulus-response bassociations
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach b(similarity)answersBoth bapproaches btake ba bnomothetic bapproach bwhen bstudying
bhuman bbehaviour. bBoth binvestigate bbehaviour bto btry bto bcreate buniversal blaws bthat bapply
bto ball bhuman bbeings. bBiologists bargue bthat bthis bis bpossible bbecause bhuman bbeings bshare
bsimilar bphysiologies, band bbehaviourists bargue bthat bthis bis bpossible bbecause ball bbehaviour
bis bthe bresult bof blearning band bstimulus-response bassociations. bTherefore, bthe baim bof
bgenerating buniversal blaws bthat bapply bto ball bhumans bis banother bsimilarity bbetween bthe
bbehaviourist band bbiological bapproaches.
Outline bthe bkey bfeatures bof bthe bbehaviourist bapproach. bCompare bto bthe bbiological
bapproach b(nature b+ bnurture)answersthe bbehaviourist bapproach band bbiological bapproach
