Business aqa a level
show how well a firm's resources have
What are the efficiency ratios? been used. Inventory turnover, payables
days, receivables days
happens when the strategy of a business
What is strategic drift? is no longer relevant to the external envi-
ronment facing it
Strategies that are planned out before
What are planned strategies?
action is taken to implement it
Unplanned strategy that arises in re-
What are emergent strategies? sponse to unexpected opportunities and
challenges
works out the most efficient and cost-ef-
What is network analysis?
fective way of completing a project
The critical path is the longest sequence
of tasks in the network diagram, repre-
What is the critical path?
senting the minimum time required to
complete the project.
spare time available for an activity.
what is float time, how is it calculated?
LFT-duration-EST
Planned responses to be implemented
what are contingency plans?
when and if a risk event occurs
when an unexpected situation occurs
What is crisis management?
and the business has to respond
Power culture- decision made by small
number of people. will struggle if busi-
ness grows, employees more likely to
resist change.
Role culture- decisions come from se-
nior managers so employees don't get
involved. Tend to avoid risk and are slow
to respond to change, employees likely
to resist as nt used to doing things differ-
ently.
Persona culture- common in loose or-
ganisations of individual workers. Objec-
, Business aqa a level
tives defined by personal ambitions, in-
dividuals have common goals. Decisions
made jointly, so likely to accept change,
but can be tricky as often think about
what's best for themselves.
What is Handy's model of organisational Task culture- emphasis on getting tasks
culture? done. gets small teams together on pro-
jects. Can be conflict between who gets
most resources and budget. Objectives
based around products. Change is nor-
mal as used to changing teams so not
resistant.
1) self interest- more concerned with own
situation
2) Misunderstanding- don't know what it
means for them
what are Kotter and Schlesinger's four
3) Low tolerance of change- used to do-
reasons for resistance to change?
ing tasks the way they know
4) Different assessments of the situation-
stakeholders disagree over reasons for
change
1) Education & communication- e.g. pre-
sentations
2) Participation & involvement- stake-
holders help implement
3) Facilitation & support- listen to con-
what are Kotter and Schlesinger's 6 ways cerns, hold meetings
of overcoming resistance to change 4) Negotiation & agreement- compro-
mise over some points
5) Manipulation & co-option- give them a
desirable role, or manipulate info given
6) Explicit & implicit coercion- imply or
state to threaten their job
Removing part of an organisation's hier-
What is delayering
archy- flatter structure
Centralised, rigid, traditional structure.
What are Mechanistic structures
Tall structure, decisions made by man-
, Business aqa a level
agers, employees specialised in certain
tasks.
Decentralised, flat structure, employees
What is organic structure involved in decisions. Suit fast changing
enviro. Employees work in teams
involves making a series of small, grad-
ual modifications to a system or process
What is incremental change?
over time, rather than large, sudden
transformations.
Forces firm to suddenly do something in
What is disruptive change?
a different way to usual, lack of notice
Shows the forces that drive and resist
What is Lewin's Force Field Analysis? change which help decide whether the
plan should go ahead or not
What is automation using machines instead of human labor
Conducting business on the internet
what is e-commerce
(buying/selling on the internet)
Businesses that operate and conduct
What are multinationals
business in multiple countries
moving parts of a business to cheaper
What is offshoring?
countries
Bringing offshore sources back to the
What is re-shoring?
home country
Importing & exporting= buying from/sell-
ing to consumers in other countries.
Licensing= foreign firms produce their
goods under license e.g. original compa-
What are methods of entering interna-
ny's name
tional markets?
Alliances= join forces with similar compa-
ny abroad
Direct investment= take over or merge
with business in different country
Globalisation is the process by which the
What is globalisation? world is becoming increasingly intercon-
nected. Business operate in lots of coun-
, Business aqa a level
tries and can buy from and sell to any
country.
What is a patent? protection of ownership of an invention
what is trademark Protection of a name/logo/slogan
what is copyright protection of written work or music
employees within a business encour-
What is intrapreneurship? aged to act like an entrepreneur and
think of new innovation
Studies other businesses with excellent
What is benchmarking quality standards and aims to adopt
same methods
1) Idea
2) Analysis and Screening
What are the 6 stages of New Product 3) Development
Development 4) Value Analysis
5) Test Marketing
6) Launch
Thinking of a new idea and putting it into
action. Product innovation= making/im-
What is innovation proving goods & services. Process inno-
vation= new/improved delivery & produc-
tion
firm combines with another firm in
same industry at same stage of pro-
What is horizontal integration?
duction process. Common type of
takeover/merger
firm combines with firm in same industry
what is forward vertical integration? but with a business that is further on in
the production process.
firm combines with firm in same industry
what is backward vertical integration? but with a business that is at an earlier
stage in the production process.
merge between unrelated firms. Pure
conglomerate mergers are between
completely unrelated firms. Product ex-
show how well a firm's resources have
What are the efficiency ratios? been used. Inventory turnover, payables
days, receivables days
happens when the strategy of a business
What is strategic drift? is no longer relevant to the external envi-
ronment facing it
Strategies that are planned out before
What are planned strategies?
action is taken to implement it
Unplanned strategy that arises in re-
What are emergent strategies? sponse to unexpected opportunities and
challenges
works out the most efficient and cost-ef-
What is network analysis?
fective way of completing a project
The critical path is the longest sequence
of tasks in the network diagram, repre-
What is the critical path?
senting the minimum time required to
complete the project.
spare time available for an activity.
what is float time, how is it calculated?
LFT-duration-EST
Planned responses to be implemented
what are contingency plans?
when and if a risk event occurs
when an unexpected situation occurs
What is crisis management?
and the business has to respond
Power culture- decision made by small
number of people. will struggle if busi-
ness grows, employees more likely to
resist change.
Role culture- decisions come from se-
nior managers so employees don't get
involved. Tend to avoid risk and are slow
to respond to change, employees likely
to resist as nt used to doing things differ-
ently.
Persona culture- common in loose or-
ganisations of individual workers. Objec-
, Business aqa a level
tives defined by personal ambitions, in-
dividuals have common goals. Decisions
made jointly, so likely to accept change,
but can be tricky as often think about
what's best for themselves.
What is Handy's model of organisational Task culture- emphasis on getting tasks
culture? done. gets small teams together on pro-
jects. Can be conflict between who gets
most resources and budget. Objectives
based around products. Change is nor-
mal as used to changing teams so not
resistant.
1) self interest- more concerned with own
situation
2) Misunderstanding- don't know what it
means for them
what are Kotter and Schlesinger's four
3) Low tolerance of change- used to do-
reasons for resistance to change?
ing tasks the way they know
4) Different assessments of the situation-
stakeholders disagree over reasons for
change
1) Education & communication- e.g. pre-
sentations
2) Participation & involvement- stake-
holders help implement
3) Facilitation & support- listen to con-
what are Kotter and Schlesinger's 6 ways cerns, hold meetings
of overcoming resistance to change 4) Negotiation & agreement- compro-
mise over some points
5) Manipulation & co-option- give them a
desirable role, or manipulate info given
6) Explicit & implicit coercion- imply or
state to threaten their job
Removing part of an organisation's hier-
What is delayering
archy- flatter structure
Centralised, rigid, traditional structure.
What are Mechanistic structures
Tall structure, decisions made by man-
, Business aqa a level
agers, employees specialised in certain
tasks.
Decentralised, flat structure, employees
What is organic structure involved in decisions. Suit fast changing
enviro. Employees work in teams
involves making a series of small, grad-
ual modifications to a system or process
What is incremental change?
over time, rather than large, sudden
transformations.
Forces firm to suddenly do something in
What is disruptive change?
a different way to usual, lack of notice
Shows the forces that drive and resist
What is Lewin's Force Field Analysis? change which help decide whether the
plan should go ahead or not
What is automation using machines instead of human labor
Conducting business on the internet
what is e-commerce
(buying/selling on the internet)
Businesses that operate and conduct
What are multinationals
business in multiple countries
moving parts of a business to cheaper
What is offshoring?
countries
Bringing offshore sources back to the
What is re-shoring?
home country
Importing & exporting= buying from/sell-
ing to consumers in other countries.
Licensing= foreign firms produce their
goods under license e.g. original compa-
What are methods of entering interna-
ny's name
tional markets?
Alliances= join forces with similar compa-
ny abroad
Direct investment= take over or merge
with business in different country
Globalisation is the process by which the
What is globalisation? world is becoming increasingly intercon-
nected. Business operate in lots of coun-
, Business aqa a level
tries and can buy from and sell to any
country.
What is a patent? protection of ownership of an invention
what is trademark Protection of a name/logo/slogan
what is copyright protection of written work or music
employees within a business encour-
What is intrapreneurship? aged to act like an entrepreneur and
think of new innovation
Studies other businesses with excellent
What is benchmarking quality standards and aims to adopt
same methods
1) Idea
2) Analysis and Screening
What are the 6 stages of New Product 3) Development
Development 4) Value Analysis
5) Test Marketing
6) Launch
Thinking of a new idea and putting it into
action. Product innovation= making/im-
What is innovation proving goods & services. Process inno-
vation= new/improved delivery & produc-
tion
firm combines with another firm in
same industry at same stage of pro-
What is horizontal integration?
duction process. Common type of
takeover/merger
firm combines with firm in same industry
what is forward vertical integration? but with a business that is further on in
the production process.
firm combines with firm in same industry
what is backward vertical integration? but with a business that is at an earlier
stage in the production process.
merge between unrelated firms. Pure
conglomerate mergers are between
completely unrelated firms. Product ex-
