Nu 372 Final Exam
Acquired immunity (Adaptive) Correct Answers -
Gained after birth. *Specific* response against a
foreign antigen.
-Result of *prior exposure* to an antigen
-Active or passive
Active: exposure through disease or vaccination.
Antibodies produced in own body (example:
immunizations, common cold). Lasts many years;
may last a lifetime
Active immunity Correct Answers -exposure
through *disease or vaccination*
-Antibodies produced in own body (example:
*immunizations, common cold*)
-Lasts *many years*; may last a lifetime
*Natural active immunity:* antibodies produced
after recovery from illness
*Artificial active immunity*: antibodies produced as
a result of vaccination
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Correct Answers
-condition that develops as a result of sudden,
reduced blood flow to the heart (includes *unstable
angina and myocardial infarction*)
Analyzing the heart rate and regularity of the
rhythm Correct Answers -*Regularity*: Measure
,the *distance between each R wave* to determine
if each beat is the same distance apart
-*Rate*: Count the *number of QRS complexes* in
a 6-second strip, then *multiply that number by
10*
Angina Correct Answers -chest pain brought about
by *myocardial ischemia*
*Manifestations:*
-*Chest Pain*: substernal, precordial, may *radiate
to neck/arms/shoulders or jaw*
-Usually lasts *2-5 minutes*
-Quality: tight, squeezing, constricting, heavy
sensation, burning, dull, aching, constant
-Dyspnea, pallor, tachycardia, anxiety and fear,
indigestion, nausea, vomiting, upper back pain
-ECG changes: *T-wave inversion and depressed ST
segments* (*inverted T-wave = myocardial
ischemia*)
*Treatment*:
-*Nitroglycerin*: goal is to reduce oxygen demand
and increased oxygen supply to the myocardium
-*Organic nitrates*: short and long-term forms,
used to treat acute angina attacks and prevent
angina
*Nursing interventions*:
,-know when the angina is happening
-decrease demands of O2 needed on the heart
-increase effectiveness of medication
-reduce anxiety
-patient should *stop all activity and sit and rest* in
bed (*semi-fowler position*)
-*administer oxygen* 2 L/min through nasal
cannula
-assess patients *pain, vital signs, RR*
-*Tell patient to carry nitroglycerin at all times*
Antibiotic Resistant Infection (MRSA/VRE) Correct
Answers -Due to *prolonged and/or inappropriate
use of antibiotics*
-Four core actions to fight resistant strains:
Preventing infections, thereby preventing the
spread of resistance; Tracking; Improving antibiotic
prescribing/stewardship; Developing new drugs
and diagnostic tests
*MRSA* (Nares, skin, respiratory, and GI tract)
-Transmitted by direct physical contact. *Contact
precautions*
-*Risk Factors*: young children, older adults, and
people in close physical proximity, including
athletes, military personnel, inmates, and day-care
attendees
, -*Treatment*: IV *vancomycin* for health care-
associated MRSA, synthetic antibiotic*linezolid*,
incision and drainage of abscesses
-*Prevention*: handwashing, PPE, and
disinfection/sterilization of equipment
*VRE* (intestinal and genitourinary tracts)
-resistant to vancomycin, ampicillin, and
gentamycin
-Transmitted by direct physical contact via feces,
urine, or blood. *Contact Precautions*
-*Risk Factors*: Compromised immune systems,
Recent surgery, Invasive devices, Prolonged
antibiotic use (especially vancomycin), Prolonged
hospitalization
-*Treatment*: Linezolid
-*Prevention*: prudent use of vancomycin,
handwashing, PPE
Antiretroviral therapy: ART Correct Answers -Goal
is to suppress HIV replication, decrease symptoms,
prolong life, prophylaxis for opportunistic
infections, stimulate hematopoietic response, to
treat opportunistic infections and malignancies,
prevent HIV transmission
-*Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NARTIs)
(Zidovudine)*: bone marrow suppression,
hepatomegaly, N/V/D
Acquired immunity (Adaptive) Correct Answers -
Gained after birth. *Specific* response against a
foreign antigen.
-Result of *prior exposure* to an antigen
-Active or passive
Active: exposure through disease or vaccination.
Antibodies produced in own body (example:
immunizations, common cold). Lasts many years;
may last a lifetime
Active immunity Correct Answers -exposure
through *disease or vaccination*
-Antibodies produced in own body (example:
*immunizations, common cold*)
-Lasts *many years*; may last a lifetime
*Natural active immunity:* antibodies produced
after recovery from illness
*Artificial active immunity*: antibodies produced as
a result of vaccination
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) Correct Answers
-condition that develops as a result of sudden,
reduced blood flow to the heart (includes *unstable
angina and myocardial infarction*)
Analyzing the heart rate and regularity of the
rhythm Correct Answers -*Regularity*: Measure
,the *distance between each R wave* to determine
if each beat is the same distance apart
-*Rate*: Count the *number of QRS complexes* in
a 6-second strip, then *multiply that number by
10*
Angina Correct Answers -chest pain brought about
by *myocardial ischemia*
*Manifestations:*
-*Chest Pain*: substernal, precordial, may *radiate
to neck/arms/shoulders or jaw*
-Usually lasts *2-5 minutes*
-Quality: tight, squeezing, constricting, heavy
sensation, burning, dull, aching, constant
-Dyspnea, pallor, tachycardia, anxiety and fear,
indigestion, nausea, vomiting, upper back pain
-ECG changes: *T-wave inversion and depressed ST
segments* (*inverted T-wave = myocardial
ischemia*)
*Treatment*:
-*Nitroglycerin*: goal is to reduce oxygen demand
and increased oxygen supply to the myocardium
-*Organic nitrates*: short and long-term forms,
used to treat acute angina attacks and prevent
angina
*Nursing interventions*:
,-know when the angina is happening
-decrease demands of O2 needed on the heart
-increase effectiveness of medication
-reduce anxiety
-patient should *stop all activity and sit and rest* in
bed (*semi-fowler position*)
-*administer oxygen* 2 L/min through nasal
cannula
-assess patients *pain, vital signs, RR*
-*Tell patient to carry nitroglycerin at all times*
Antibiotic Resistant Infection (MRSA/VRE) Correct
Answers -Due to *prolonged and/or inappropriate
use of antibiotics*
-Four core actions to fight resistant strains:
Preventing infections, thereby preventing the
spread of resistance; Tracking; Improving antibiotic
prescribing/stewardship; Developing new drugs
and diagnostic tests
*MRSA* (Nares, skin, respiratory, and GI tract)
-Transmitted by direct physical contact. *Contact
precautions*
-*Risk Factors*: young children, older adults, and
people in close physical proximity, including
athletes, military personnel, inmates, and day-care
attendees
, -*Treatment*: IV *vancomycin* for health care-
associated MRSA, synthetic antibiotic*linezolid*,
incision and drainage of abscesses
-*Prevention*: handwashing, PPE, and
disinfection/sterilization of equipment
*VRE* (intestinal and genitourinary tracts)
-resistant to vancomycin, ampicillin, and
gentamycin
-Transmitted by direct physical contact via feces,
urine, or blood. *Contact Precautions*
-*Risk Factors*: Compromised immune systems,
Recent surgery, Invasive devices, Prolonged
antibiotic use (especially vancomycin), Prolonged
hospitalization
-*Treatment*: Linezolid
-*Prevention*: prudent use of vancomycin,
handwashing, PPE
Antiretroviral therapy: ART Correct Answers -Goal
is to suppress HIV replication, decrease symptoms,
prolong life, prophylaxis for opportunistic
infections, stimulate hematopoietic response, to
treat opportunistic infections and malignancies,
prevent HIV transmission
-*Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NARTIs)
(Zidovudine)*: bone marrow suppression,
hepatomegaly, N/V/D
