Anatomy - Stott Pilates Exam Preparation
Revision questions correctly answered
newest review
Which muscles oppose each other on the anteriorposterior sides of the foot? - ANS Anterior:
Dorsiflexors
Posterior: Plantar Flexors
Which muscles oppose each other on the later and rotary sides of the foot? - ANS Lateral:
Tibialis
Peroneals
What is the function of Tibialis anterior? - ANS dorsiflexing and inverting the foot.
What is the function of the peroneas muscles? - ANS Primarily responsible for eversion of
the foot. peroneus longus and brevis plantarflex the foot, while the peroneus tertius dorsiflexes
it.
What are the opposing anteroposterior muscles of the knee? - ANS The hamstrings,
gastrocnemius and the popliteus oppose the hamstrings.
The transverse plane divides the body into _________ and _______ segments. - ANS
Superior and inferior segments of the body
The Frontal plane divides the body into ____________ and ___________ segments. - ANS
Anterior and posterior (front/back) segments.
The sagital plane divides the body into ________ and ________ segments - ANS Left and
right segments
Medial is a directional term for: - ANS Closest to the midline of the body.
Lateral is a directional term for: - ANS Away from the midline of the body
Proximal/central means ________ to the trunk or midline of the body. - ANS closer
Distal/peripheral means ________ from the trunk or midline of the body. - ANS away
,Superior is a directional term for: - ANS above or towards the head
Inferior is a directional term for: - ANS Below or away from the head
Anterior refers to - ANS front of the body
Posterior refers to - ANS back of the body
Superficial refers to - ANS towards the surface of the skin / outer most layer
Deep refers to - ANS inside the body (internal)
Spinal flexion moves the __________ surfaces of the body ___________ each other. - ANS
anterior surfaces of the body towards each other.
Spinal extension moves the __________ surfaces of the body ___________ each other. -
ANS anterior surfaces of the body away from each other.
Lateral spinal flexion moves the spine in which direction? - ANS Side to side
Rotational movements happen around which central point? - ANS The axis of the spine.
List the 4 actions of the neck (cervical spine) - ANS Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
Describe the action of shoulder flexion and extension. - ANS Arm reaches up overhead
(vertical flexion)
Arm reaches back behind the body (vertical extension)
Describe the actions of shoulder abduction and adduction. - ANS Arm moves away from the
midline (abduction)
Arm moves towards the midline (adduction)
* can also done horizontally as in when client is supine.
Describe the actions of internal rotation and external rotation of the shoulder. - ANS Internal
rotation - palm moves toward the body.
External rotation - palm moves away from the body.
Describe the actions of protraction and retraction of the scapula. - ANS protraction - scapular
borders moves away from the midline (the spine)
retraction - scapular boarders moves toward the midline (the spine)
, List the 6 actions of the scapula - ANS Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
What muscles are responsible for scapular protraction? - ANS Pectoralis minor, pectoralis
major, serratus anterior
What muscles are responsible for scapular retraction? - ANS Trapezius, rhomboids,
Latissimus dorsi
What muscles are responsible for scapular elevation? - ANS Upper Trapezius, levator
scapulae, rhomboids
What muscles are responsible for scapular depression? - ANS latissimus dorsi, serratus
anterior, pectoralis major and minor, and the trapezius muscles.
What muscles are responsible for scapular upward rotation? - ANS Trapezius and serratus
anterior
What muscles are responsible for scapular downward rotation? - ANS latissimus dorsi,
levator scapulae, rhomboids, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles
Name two muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may cause scapular winging: -
ANS tight/shortened pectoralis muscles
Weak serratus anterior
*Any exercise that helps strengthen the serratus can help with scapular winging.
What is scapular winging? - ANS Protrusion of the medial border of the scapulae
What is scapular tipping? - ANS Protrusion of the inferior boarder/angle of the scapulae
Name the muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may cause scapular tipping: -
ANS - tight/short pectoralis minor muscle - Pec minor attaches to the scapula at the coracoid
process. If it is tight, it will pull it forward.
- Weak lower trap - responsible for a downward pull of the scapula. If you have a weak lower
trap and a tight pec minor, the resting position of the scapula will bias towards anterior tipping.
- faulty posture (kyphosis)
Revision questions correctly answered
newest review
Which muscles oppose each other on the anteriorposterior sides of the foot? - ANS Anterior:
Dorsiflexors
Posterior: Plantar Flexors
Which muscles oppose each other on the later and rotary sides of the foot? - ANS Lateral:
Tibialis
Peroneals
What is the function of Tibialis anterior? - ANS dorsiflexing and inverting the foot.
What is the function of the peroneas muscles? - ANS Primarily responsible for eversion of
the foot. peroneus longus and brevis plantarflex the foot, while the peroneus tertius dorsiflexes
it.
What are the opposing anteroposterior muscles of the knee? - ANS The hamstrings,
gastrocnemius and the popliteus oppose the hamstrings.
The transverse plane divides the body into _________ and _______ segments. - ANS
Superior and inferior segments of the body
The Frontal plane divides the body into ____________ and ___________ segments. - ANS
Anterior and posterior (front/back) segments.
The sagital plane divides the body into ________ and ________ segments - ANS Left and
right segments
Medial is a directional term for: - ANS Closest to the midline of the body.
Lateral is a directional term for: - ANS Away from the midline of the body
Proximal/central means ________ to the trunk or midline of the body. - ANS closer
Distal/peripheral means ________ from the trunk or midline of the body. - ANS away
,Superior is a directional term for: - ANS above or towards the head
Inferior is a directional term for: - ANS Below or away from the head
Anterior refers to - ANS front of the body
Posterior refers to - ANS back of the body
Superficial refers to - ANS towards the surface of the skin / outer most layer
Deep refers to - ANS inside the body (internal)
Spinal flexion moves the __________ surfaces of the body ___________ each other. - ANS
anterior surfaces of the body towards each other.
Spinal extension moves the __________ surfaces of the body ___________ each other. -
ANS anterior surfaces of the body away from each other.
Lateral spinal flexion moves the spine in which direction? - ANS Side to side
Rotational movements happen around which central point? - ANS The axis of the spine.
List the 4 actions of the neck (cervical spine) - ANS Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation
Describe the action of shoulder flexion and extension. - ANS Arm reaches up overhead
(vertical flexion)
Arm reaches back behind the body (vertical extension)
Describe the actions of shoulder abduction and adduction. - ANS Arm moves away from the
midline (abduction)
Arm moves towards the midline (adduction)
* can also done horizontally as in when client is supine.
Describe the actions of internal rotation and external rotation of the shoulder. - ANS Internal
rotation - palm moves toward the body.
External rotation - palm moves away from the body.
Describe the actions of protraction and retraction of the scapula. - ANS protraction - scapular
borders moves away from the midline (the spine)
retraction - scapular boarders moves toward the midline (the spine)
, List the 6 actions of the scapula - ANS Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
What muscles are responsible for scapular protraction? - ANS Pectoralis minor, pectoralis
major, serratus anterior
What muscles are responsible for scapular retraction? - ANS Trapezius, rhomboids,
Latissimus dorsi
What muscles are responsible for scapular elevation? - ANS Upper Trapezius, levator
scapulae, rhomboids
What muscles are responsible for scapular depression? - ANS latissimus dorsi, serratus
anterior, pectoralis major and minor, and the trapezius muscles.
What muscles are responsible for scapular upward rotation? - ANS Trapezius and serratus
anterior
What muscles are responsible for scapular downward rotation? - ANS latissimus dorsi,
levator scapulae, rhomboids, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles
Name two muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may cause scapular winging: -
ANS tight/shortened pectoralis muscles
Weak serratus anterior
*Any exercise that helps strengthen the serratus can help with scapular winging.
What is scapular winging? - ANS Protrusion of the medial border of the scapulae
What is scapular tipping? - ANS Protrusion of the inferior boarder/angle of the scapulae
Name the muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may cause scapular tipping: -
ANS - tight/short pectoralis minor muscle - Pec minor attaches to the scapula at the coracoid
process. If it is tight, it will pull it forward.
- Weak lower trap - responsible for a downward pull of the scapula. If you have a weak lower
trap and a tight pec minor, the resting position of the scapula will bias towards anterior tipping.
- faulty posture (kyphosis)
