IAAP CPACC Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Graded A+
Medical Model - Answers disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or
other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of
individual treatment by professionals.
~ Management is aimed at a cure, or individual adjustment and behavioral change
~ medical care viewed as main issue
~ political response is to reform healthcare
Strengths: addresses biological sources of disabilities through cures or medical management
Weaknesses: treats disability as a problem or inherent characteristic of the indvidual, overlooks broader
sociopolitical constraints imposed by unwelcoming or inaccessible environments
Social Model - Answers views disability as a socially created problem, a matter of the full integration of
individuals into society. Disability is a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the
social environment.
~ social action
~ society needs to make environmental modifications
~ cultural and ideological
~ large-scale cultural change
~ equal access as a human rights issue
Strenghts: Focuses on disabling conditions in the environment and makes clear they are not solely a
characteristic of individual's "broken" body. Encourages design to accommodate a wide range of human
characteristics and abilities
Weaknesses: downplays the embodied aspects of disabilities too much, push for social justice puts
activitists at odds with other political interests, antagonizes relationships, creates resolute political
adversaries.
, Economic Model - Answers Defines disability by a person's inability to work. Assesses degree to which
impairment affect's individual productivity and economic consequences for individual, employer, and
state.
~ loss of earnings for/payment for assistance by individual
~ lower profit margins for employer
~ State welfare payments
Strengths: recognizes the affect of bodily limitations on a person's ability to work and for economic
support and/or accommodation
Weaknesses: creates a legally-defined category of people who are "needy", stigmatizing for people with
disabilities, if individual's do not meet legal threshold may not receive needed support
Functional Solutions Model - Answers practical perspective that identifies limitations ("functional
impairments") due to disability, intent to create and promote solutions to overcome limitations.
~ eliminate/reduce impact of functional limitations
~ deemphasizes sociopolitical aspects
~ prioritizes inventiveness and entrepreneurship
Strengths: results-oriented, seeks to provide solutions to real-world challenges, side steps convoluted
sociopolitical implications of disability
Weaknesses: entrepreneurs often miss the mark, profit driven entrepreneurism may lead to innovations
of more benefit to the entrepreneur than target population, deemphasis of socioeconomic issues may
lead innovators to ignore most important aspects of the original problem
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model - Answers refers to sense of deriving personal identity from
membership within a group of like-minded individuals
Strengths: accepts disability completely, pride in being associated with others in a similar condition
Medical Model - Answers disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or
other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of
individual treatment by professionals.
~ Management is aimed at a cure, or individual adjustment and behavioral change
~ medical care viewed as main issue
~ political response is to reform healthcare
Strengths: addresses biological sources of disabilities through cures or medical management
Weaknesses: treats disability as a problem or inherent characteristic of the indvidual, overlooks broader
sociopolitical constraints imposed by unwelcoming or inaccessible environments
Social Model - Answers views disability as a socially created problem, a matter of the full integration of
individuals into society. Disability is a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the
social environment.
~ social action
~ society needs to make environmental modifications
~ cultural and ideological
~ large-scale cultural change
~ equal access as a human rights issue
Strenghts: Focuses on disabling conditions in the environment and makes clear they are not solely a
characteristic of individual's "broken" body. Encourages design to accommodate a wide range of human
characteristics and abilities
Weaknesses: downplays the embodied aspects of disabilities too much, push for social justice puts
activitists at odds with other political interests, antagonizes relationships, creates resolute political
adversaries.
, Economic Model - Answers Defines disability by a person's inability to work. Assesses degree to which
impairment affect's individual productivity and economic consequences for individual, employer, and
state.
~ loss of earnings for/payment for assistance by individual
~ lower profit margins for employer
~ State welfare payments
Strengths: recognizes the affect of bodily limitations on a person's ability to work and for economic
support and/or accommodation
Weaknesses: creates a legally-defined category of people who are "needy", stigmatizing for people with
disabilities, if individual's do not meet legal threshold may not receive needed support
Functional Solutions Model - Answers practical perspective that identifies limitations ("functional
impairments") due to disability, intent to create and promote solutions to overcome limitations.
~ eliminate/reduce impact of functional limitations
~ deemphasizes sociopolitical aspects
~ prioritizes inventiveness and entrepreneurship
Strengths: results-oriented, seeks to provide solutions to real-world challenges, side steps convoluted
sociopolitical implications of disability
Weaknesses: entrepreneurs often miss the mark, profit driven entrepreneurism may lead to innovations
of more benefit to the entrepreneur than target population, deemphasis of socioeconomic issues may
lead innovators to ignore most important aspects of the original problem
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model - Answers refers to sense of deriving personal identity from
membership within a group of like-minded individuals
Strengths: accepts disability completely, pride in being associated with others in a similar condition
