PSIO 305 - EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
An increase in ALL of the following would suggest trophic communication or support
EXCEPT:
1.# of dendrites & synaptic terminals
2.Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from finger
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
4.Density of glial cells in memory areas - Answers :3.Rate of respiration with exercise
a "Do " communication: a relatively short term 'call to action' (activation) of the
respiratory muscles to meet the immediate demands of exercise: increased need of
oxygen and removal of CO2.T he remainder are longer term responses to trophic input,
promoting structural and/or functional changes in the cells or tissues involved
What is systemic communication? - Answers :Response to momentary stimulus or
demand; can be Acute or short-term in order to maintain homeostasis
-May be an integrated system response
What are the trophic importances of glia cells (neuroglia)? - Answers :•Regulation of
environment- Ion channels, Transporters
•Regulation of growth via release of glia-derived growth factor
(also supportive and help insulate)
how do you 'know' how strong the stimulus is? - Answers :Rate coding: AP frequency is
proportional to stimulus intensity
-Greater open time or distortion of channel: > greater ion flux and voltage changes, >
potential for reaching threshold, increased # of action potentials
How to indicate character of stimulus? (i.e, how do you 'know' the speed of onset or rate
of adaptation?) - Answers :Pattern Coding: Pattern Indicates type of stimulus and
responsiveness of sensory receptor
What is temporal summation? - Answers :•a single source
•With multiple signals
•Over a short time
•Voltage change builds
What is spatial summation? - Answers :•Simultaneous arrival of multiple inputs,
Spatially separated
-if one at a time: small voltage change for each channel alone
-If simultaneous: Voltage change reflects the sum of the ion flux through all theopen
channels.
What is the result of both temporal and spatial summation? - Answers :Both types of
summation: increase release of NT's, open channel time, ion flux and voltage change
,What is a motor unit and what does it consist of? - Answers :•Smallest functional unit for
voluntary force production
•Consists of: Motoneuron, the subset of muscle fibers it innervates
With aging, there is a loss of motor neurons and a subsequent loss of motor units (MU).
The remaining motor neurons often 'pick up' new fibers, providing innervation to some
of the abandoned muscle fibers. This new MU arrangement might lead to which of the
following in the elderly?
1.Increased overall strength
2.Increased proprioception
3.Decreased precision of movement
4.Decreased ability for temporal summation - Answers :3.Decreased precision of
movement
Remaining MU's are larger, reducing ability to finely increase or decrease forces for
movement control and adjustments
What are muscle Fiber types categorized based on? - Answers :•Contractile speed
•Fiber diameter
•Metabolic preferences
•Fatiguability
What is a sarcomere made up of? - Answers :•Contractile repeating unit
•Bounded by Z disc/line
•Thin filaments-Actin
•Thick Filaments-Myosin
What is f-actin? - Answers :Double-stranded helix of globular actin
What is a myosin head composed of? - Answers :•Myosin Heavy chain (various
isoforms)
•Myosin Light chains
•Site for myosin ATPase
What is trophic communication? - Answers :Promotes cell growth, differentiation,
survival
-Long term (or longer) effects
-Robust phenomenon
-sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
What do Trophic Interactions between Cells & Tissues promote? - Answers :Growth,
Differentiation, & Survival
What are the differences between fast and slow synapses? - Answers :Fast- Activate
ion channels (ionotropic), Current flow/voltage change
Slow- Binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)(metabotropic), Downstream, slower
and more long lasting effect
, What is the effect of dopamine on fast and slow synapses? - Answers :Fast- Activate
ion channels, In Basal Ganglia, Affects movement planning "Do" communication, but
can be 'trophic' as well
Slow- Binds to GPCR, In Hypothalamus, Involved in hunger, thirst, temp regulation,
Trophic
What does Magnitude of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? - Answers :#
of cross-bridges formed
•# of actin & myosin filaments
•Proportional to fiber diameter
•atrophy vs. hypertrophy
What does Velocity of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? - Answers :Rate
cross-bridges are formed (#/per unit time)
•Type of filaments
•Slow or fast isoforms
•Ability to activate process
•Leads to Slow (S) & Fast (F) Twitch fiber class
What is ATP's role in muscle contraction? - Answers :•Cross bridge cycling
(detachment)
•Maintenance of Membrane potential
•Reuptake of Ca++ after activation
What is a slow motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and fatiguability? -
Answers :slow, moderate, oxidative, non
What is a fast resistant motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and
fatiguability? - Answers :largest, fast, oxidative and glycolytic, resistant
What is a fast fatiguable motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and
fatiguability? - Answers :moderate, fast, glycolytic, fatiguable
What are Movement & Muscle propertiesare influenced by ? - Answers :•Contractile
protein: Arrangement, Number, Isoform
•Enzymatic: Activity, Concentration
Which of the following could lead to a decrease in volume of neural tissue in the
developing animal
1.decrease BMP release
2.increase Noggin release
3.decrease Cerberus release
4.decrease Chocolate intake - Answers :3.decrease Cerberus release
An increase in ALL of the following would suggest trophic communication or support
EXCEPT:
1.# of dendrites & synaptic terminals
2.Size of primary sensory cortex area receiving input from finger
3.Rate of respiration with exercise
4.Density of glial cells in memory areas - Answers :3.Rate of respiration with exercise
a "Do " communication: a relatively short term 'call to action' (activation) of the
respiratory muscles to meet the immediate demands of exercise: increased need of
oxygen and removal of CO2.T he remainder are longer term responses to trophic input,
promoting structural and/or functional changes in the cells or tissues involved
What is systemic communication? - Answers :Response to momentary stimulus or
demand; can be Acute or short-term in order to maintain homeostasis
-May be an integrated system response
What are the trophic importances of glia cells (neuroglia)? - Answers :•Regulation of
environment- Ion channels, Transporters
•Regulation of growth via release of glia-derived growth factor
(also supportive and help insulate)
how do you 'know' how strong the stimulus is? - Answers :Rate coding: AP frequency is
proportional to stimulus intensity
-Greater open time or distortion of channel: > greater ion flux and voltage changes, >
potential for reaching threshold, increased # of action potentials
How to indicate character of stimulus? (i.e, how do you 'know' the speed of onset or rate
of adaptation?) - Answers :Pattern Coding: Pattern Indicates type of stimulus and
responsiveness of sensory receptor
What is temporal summation? - Answers :•a single source
•With multiple signals
•Over a short time
•Voltage change builds
What is spatial summation? - Answers :•Simultaneous arrival of multiple inputs,
Spatially separated
-if one at a time: small voltage change for each channel alone
-If simultaneous: Voltage change reflects the sum of the ion flux through all theopen
channels.
What is the result of both temporal and spatial summation? - Answers :Both types of
summation: increase release of NT's, open channel time, ion flux and voltage change
,What is a motor unit and what does it consist of? - Answers :•Smallest functional unit for
voluntary force production
•Consists of: Motoneuron, the subset of muscle fibers it innervates
With aging, there is a loss of motor neurons and a subsequent loss of motor units (MU).
The remaining motor neurons often 'pick up' new fibers, providing innervation to some
of the abandoned muscle fibers. This new MU arrangement might lead to which of the
following in the elderly?
1.Increased overall strength
2.Increased proprioception
3.Decreased precision of movement
4.Decreased ability for temporal summation - Answers :3.Decreased precision of
movement
Remaining MU's are larger, reducing ability to finely increase or decrease forces for
movement control and adjustments
What are muscle Fiber types categorized based on? - Answers :•Contractile speed
•Fiber diameter
•Metabolic preferences
•Fatiguability
What is a sarcomere made up of? - Answers :•Contractile repeating unit
•Bounded by Z disc/line
•Thin filaments-Actin
•Thick Filaments-Myosin
What is f-actin? - Answers :Double-stranded helix of globular actin
What is a myosin head composed of? - Answers :•Myosin Heavy chain (various
isoforms)
•Myosin Light chains
•Site for myosin ATPase
What is trophic communication? - Answers :Promotes cell growth, differentiation,
survival
-Long term (or longer) effects
-Robust phenomenon
-sensitive to changes in age, activity, pathology, and nutrition
What do Trophic Interactions between Cells & Tissues promote? - Answers :Growth,
Differentiation, & Survival
What are the differences between fast and slow synapses? - Answers :Fast- Activate
ion channels (ionotropic), Current flow/voltage change
Slow- Binds to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)(metabotropic), Downstream, slower
and more long lasting effect
, What is the effect of dopamine on fast and slow synapses? - Answers :Fast- Activate
ion channels, In Basal Ganglia, Affects movement planning "Do" communication, but
can be 'trophic' as well
Slow- Binds to GPCR, In Hypothalamus, Involved in hunger, thirst, temp regulation,
Trophic
What does Magnitude of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? - Answers :#
of cross-bridges formed
•# of actin & myosin filaments
•Proportional to fiber diameter
•atrophy vs. hypertrophy
What does Velocity of Force produced by a muscle fiber depend upon? - Answers :Rate
cross-bridges are formed (#/per unit time)
•Type of filaments
•Slow or fast isoforms
•Ability to activate process
•Leads to Slow (S) & Fast (F) Twitch fiber class
What is ATP's role in muscle contraction? - Answers :•Cross bridge cycling
(detachment)
•Maintenance of Membrane potential
•Reuptake of Ca++ after activation
What is a slow motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and fatiguability? -
Answers :slow, moderate, oxidative, non
What is a fast resistant motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and
fatiguability? - Answers :largest, fast, oxidative and glycolytic, resistant
What is a fast fatiguable motor unit's diameter, force velocity, metabolism, and
fatiguability? - Answers :moderate, fast, glycolytic, fatiguable
What are Movement & Muscle propertiesare influenced by ? - Answers :•Contractile
protein: Arrangement, Number, Isoform
•Enzymatic: Activity, Concentration
Which of the following could lead to a decrease in volume of neural tissue in the
developing animal
1.decrease BMP release
2.increase Noggin release
3.decrease Cerberus release
4.decrease Chocolate intake - Answers :3.decrease Cerberus release
