NKU BIO 669 AVENIDO Understanding
Pathophysiology Huether Fluid and
Electrolytes, Acids and Bases Questions With
Complete SOLUTIONS
7.36 pH
high CO2
high bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated respiratory acidosis
7.36 pH
low CO2
low bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated metabolic acidosis
7.44 pH
high CO2
high bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated metabolic alkalosis
7.44 pH
low CO2
low bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated respiratory alkalosis
A deficit of electrolytes in the ECV may be caused
by: Correct Answers Decreased electrolyte intake
or absorption
Shift of electrolytes from the ECF into the ICF
Increased electrolyte excretion
,Abnormal loss of electrolytes
A person is found unconscious but is wearing a
medical alert bracelet for diabetes. His breath has
the typical odor of acetone (ketoacids). What do
you expect the pH of his serum to be? Correct
Answers low
About 50% of calcium is in what form? Correct
Answers bound to plasma proteins
An excess of electrolytes in the ECF may be caused
by: Correct Answers Increased electrolyte intake
or absorption
Shift of electrolytes from ICF into the ECF
Decreased electrolyte excretion
Aquaporins Correct Answers a family of water
channel proteins that provide permeability to water
As plasma flow from the arterial to the venous end
of the capillary, which four forces determine if fluid
moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial
space (filtration) or if fluid moves back into the
capillary from the interstitial space (reabsorption)?
Correct Answers 1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
(blood pressure)
2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
,Causes of Dilutional Hyponatremia (Water
intoxication) Correct Answers Infusion of
hypotonic intravenous fluids
Compulsive water drinking
Tap water enemas
Near-freshwater-drowning
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
Syndrome of inappropriate scretion of ADH
Causes of edema Correct Answers -Increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure (venous obstruction,
excess volume, prolonged standing or vasodilation)
-Lowered plasma oncotic pressure
-Lymphatic channel obstruction (infection, or
surgical removal ie. mastectomy)
-Increased capillary membrane permeability
(inflammatory/immune response)
Causes of hypercalcemia Correct Answers
Uncontrolled release of calcium ions from
malignant neoplasms that invade bone
Hyperparathyroidism
Immobility
Increased intake of calcium caused by either
excessive vitamin D or excess dietary calcium
Increase in physiologically active calcium, as
occurs with acidosis
, Causes of Hypermagnesemia Correct Answers
Renal failure
Excessive intake of magnesium-containing antacids
Adrenal insufficiency
Causes of hyperphosphatemia Correct Answers
Renal failure
Cancer therapy
Hypoparathyroidism
Laxatives or enemas containing phosphates
Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia Correct
Answers Infusion of hypertonic saline solutions
Oversecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) or aldosterone
Near-saltwater-drowning
Renal impairment
Heart failure
Causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia
(increases in sodium lead to increase in total body
water and dilution of sodium in extracellular space)
Correct Answers Congestive heart failure
Cirrhosis of the liver
Nephrotic syndrome
Causes of hypocalcemia Correct Answers
Hypoparathyroidism
Malabsorption of dietary calcium
Deficient serum albumin
Pathophysiology Huether Fluid and
Electrolytes, Acids and Bases Questions With
Complete SOLUTIONS
7.36 pH
high CO2
high bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated respiratory acidosis
7.36 pH
low CO2
low bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated metabolic acidosis
7.44 pH
high CO2
high bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated metabolic alkalosis
7.44 pH
low CO2
low bicarbonate indicates Correct Answers fully
compensated respiratory alkalosis
A deficit of electrolytes in the ECV may be caused
by: Correct Answers Decreased electrolyte intake
or absorption
Shift of electrolytes from the ECF into the ICF
Increased electrolyte excretion
,Abnormal loss of electrolytes
A person is found unconscious but is wearing a
medical alert bracelet for diabetes. His breath has
the typical odor of acetone (ketoacids). What do
you expect the pH of his serum to be? Correct
Answers low
About 50% of calcium is in what form? Correct
Answers bound to plasma proteins
An excess of electrolytes in the ECF may be caused
by: Correct Answers Increased electrolyte intake
or absorption
Shift of electrolytes from ICF into the ECF
Decreased electrolyte excretion
Aquaporins Correct Answers a family of water
channel proteins that provide permeability to water
As plasma flow from the arterial to the venous end
of the capillary, which four forces determine if fluid
moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial
space (filtration) or if fluid moves back into the
capillary from the interstitial space (reabsorption)?
Correct Answers 1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
(blood pressure)
2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
,Causes of Dilutional Hyponatremia (Water
intoxication) Correct Answers Infusion of
hypotonic intravenous fluids
Compulsive water drinking
Tap water enemas
Near-freshwater-drowning
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
Syndrome of inappropriate scretion of ADH
Causes of edema Correct Answers -Increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure (venous obstruction,
excess volume, prolonged standing or vasodilation)
-Lowered plasma oncotic pressure
-Lymphatic channel obstruction (infection, or
surgical removal ie. mastectomy)
-Increased capillary membrane permeability
(inflammatory/immune response)
Causes of hypercalcemia Correct Answers
Uncontrolled release of calcium ions from
malignant neoplasms that invade bone
Hyperparathyroidism
Immobility
Increased intake of calcium caused by either
excessive vitamin D or excess dietary calcium
Increase in physiologically active calcium, as
occurs with acidosis
, Causes of Hypermagnesemia Correct Answers
Renal failure
Excessive intake of magnesium-containing antacids
Adrenal insufficiency
Causes of hyperphosphatemia Correct Answers
Renal failure
Cancer therapy
Hypoparathyroidism
Laxatives or enemas containing phosphates
Causes of hypervolemic hypernatremia Correct
Answers Infusion of hypertonic saline solutions
Oversecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) or aldosterone
Near-saltwater-drowning
Renal impairment
Heart failure
Causes of hypervolemic hyponatremia
(increases in sodium lead to increase in total body
water and dilution of sodium in extracellular space)
Correct Answers Congestive heart failure
Cirrhosis of the liver
Nephrotic syndrome
Causes of hypocalcemia Correct Answers
Hypoparathyroidism
Malabsorption of dietary calcium
Deficient serum albumin
