ANTR 350 Unit 2 Exam 2025

Chapter 14 Nervous Tissue Afferent - -Sensory nervous system, receives information from receptors and transmits to CNS Efferent - -Motor nervous system, sends information from CNS to muscles or glands o Somatic - -o Portion of the efferent nervous system o "Voluntary" o Visceral - -o Portion of the efferent nervous system o "Involuntary" o Synapse - -o Junction between two nerve cells o Nerve - -o "Cable like bundle of parallel axons" o Ganglion - -o A grouping of nerve cells o Blood-brain barrier - -o a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances □ List the structures that compose the central nervous system (CNS) - -o Brain o Spinal Cord □ List the structures that compose the peripheral nervous system (PNS) - -o Spinal nerve o Cranial nerve o Ganglia □ List the 3 general functions performed by the CNS and PNS - -o Collect information o Processing and evaluating information o Responding to information □ Describe the functions of the sensory nervous system and explain how visceral sensory is different from somatic sensory - -Contains receptors, sends their information to the CNS Somatic • Receives information from the skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses Visceral ANTR350 ANTR350 • Receives information from the viscera □ Describe the functions of the motor nervous system and explain how somatic motor and visceral motor differ from each other - -o Transmits information from the CNS to the body o Sends motor information to the effector o Somatic "Voluntary" innervates skeletal muscle Autonomic "Involuntary" innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands □ Describe the role the cell body, dendrites, and axon plays in receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses - -o Cell body: Receives, integrates, sends nerve impulses o Dendrites: Conduct nerve impulses and transfer it to cell body The more dendrites there are the more impulses can be received o Axon: Conducts nerve impulses out of the body, output, sends □ Describe the 3 functional classifications of neurons - -o Sensory: Nerve impulses from body to CNS o Motor: Conducts nerve impulses from CNS to muscles/glands o Interneuron: Facilitates information between sensory and motor neurons □ Describe the function and location of the following glial (aka neuroglia) cells: - -o Astrocytes Helps form the blood-brain barrier, Regulates tissue fluid composition, Provides structural support and organization to CNS, Replaces damaged neurons, Assists with neuronal development, Helps regulate synaptic transmission In contact with neurons and capillaries o ependymal cells Lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord, Assists in production and circulation of CSF In brain and spinal cord o microglial cells Defends against pathogens, Removes debris, Phagocytizes wastes ANTR350 ANTR350 o Oligodendrocytes Myelinates and insulates CNS axons, Allows faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon Around CNS axons o neurolemmocytes (aka Schwann cells) Myelinates and insulates PNS axons, Allows for faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon Around PNS axons ***The Brain*** - -***The Brain*** o Gyrus - -♣ Ridge, or mountains, top of folds o Sulcus - -♣ Valley, canyons, bottom of folds □ Specify the body cavities that contain the organs of the central nervous system - -o Dorsal body cavity Cranial • Brain • Cranial meninges • Cerebral spinal fluid Spinal • Spinal cord • Spinal meninges • Cerebral spinal fluid □ List the layers of meninges from superficial to deep - - o Dura Mater o Arachnoid Mater o Pia Mater □ Describe the flow of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) through the central nervous system - o Produced by the choroid plexus o Flows from third ventricle through cerebral aqueduct into fourth ventricle o Flows from fourth ventricle into subarachnoid space by passing through paired lateral apertures (or single median aperture) and into the central canal of spinal cord As it flows through subarachnoid space it removes waste and provides buoyancy o Excess cerebral spinal fluid drains into arachnoid villi then into dural venous sinus ANTR350 ANTR350 Greater pressure on cerebral spinal fluid in subarachnoid space ensures the cerebral spinal fluid moves into the venous sinuses without allowing venous blood to enter subarachnoid space □ Describe the function of the following structures: - - o frontal lobe Higher intellectual function, personality, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle o parietal lobe Sensory, understanding speech, expressing thoughts and emotions o temporal lobe Primary auditory cortex, interpretation of olfactory sensations o occipital lobe Primary visual cortex o corpus callosum Connects the right side to the left side of the brain o thalamus Receives all sensory information coming into the body Processes and conveys information going to the cortex o Hypothalamus Communicates with cerebrum and brainstem Responsible for changing the body to maintain homeostasis Controls secretion of hormones Controls visceral function Reacts to create bodily function to emotional stimuli o Cerebellum Communicates with cerebrum and brainstem Coordination of skeletal muscle contractions (smooth movements) Control of equilibrium in inner ear o Midbrain Connects midbrain to brainstem Communicates with cerebellum Reflexes: Visual and auditory o Pons Transmits and relays information between cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem Controls breathing Houses 4th ventricle o medulla oblongata Controls vital autonomic functions Cardiac, Vasomotor, and respiratory centers o basal ganglia Communicated with cerebrum Allowing appropriate amount and type of movement Delicate balance o Hippocampus Turning short term memory into long term memory