ANTR 350 Unit 1 Exam 2025

ANTR350 ANTR 350 Unit 1 Exam 2025 Gross anatomy - -anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye Anatomical position - -standing upright, eyes forward, upper limbs at side, forearms supinated, palms out, thumbs up R and L in anatomical position and why - -in patient's perspective (opposite of mine), continuity and so everyone is talking about the same part of the body supine - -lying on back prone - -lying on stomach anterior (ventral) - -front posterior (dorsal) - -back superior - -up/top inferior - -down/bottom medial - -towards the midline lateral - -away from the midline proximal - -close to attachment of appendages distal - -far away from the attachment of appendages superficial - -close to the surface deep - -further away from the surface (internal) arm (anatomical) - -upper limb from shoulder to elbow leg (anatomcial) - -lower limb from knee to ankle sagittal - -divides into left and right portions, (midsagittal - equal, parasagittal - uneven) frontal (coronal) - -divides into anterior and posterior ANTR350 ANTR350 transverse - -divides into superior and inferior, subcostal - through 10th rib, transumbilical - through belly button, supracristal - top of hip bones oblique - -any non standard plane, runs at an angle planes used for 4 abdominal quadrants - -midsagittal and transumbilical 4 abdominal quadrants - -RU, LU, RL, LL planes that create 9 abdominal regions - -L and R midclavicular, subcostal, and supracristal 9 abdominal regions - -right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac tissue - -A group of similar cells that perform the same function. organ - -A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system - -group of organs that work together to perform a specific function 4 principal tissues found in the body - -epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous epithelial tissue function - -protection, secretion, absorption epithelial tissue location - -surfaces and linings connective tissue function - -provide support and integrity to structures in the body 2 types of connective tissue - -elastic and adipose cephalic - -head buccal - -cheek otic - -ear mental - -chin cervical - -neck acromial - -shoulder axillary - -armpit brachial - -arm ANTR350 ANTR350 antebrachial - -forearm palmar - -palm pollex - -thumb mammary - -breast sternal - -breastbone abdominal - -abdomen pelvic - -pelvis inguinal - -groin femoral - -thigh crural - -leg pedal - -foot hallux - -big toe lumbar - -lower back, loin gluteal - -butt popliteal - -back of knee sural - -calf plantar - -sole of foot divisions of anterior (ventral) body cavity - -thoracic, superior mediastinum, pleural, pericardial, abdominopelvic thoracic cavity - -contains heart and lungs pericardial cavity - -contains the heart pleural cavity - -contains the lungs superior mediastinum - -thymus, great vessels, vagus and phrenic nerves, trachea, esophagus ANTR350 ANTR350 diaphragm - -separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities abdominal cavity - -contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs pelvic cavity - -Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum divisions of posterior (dorsal) body cavity - -cranial cavity, spinal cavity cranial cavity - -contains the brain spinal cavity - -contains the spinal cord 3 named serous membranes - -pericardium, pleura, peritoneum pericardium - -double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. pleura - -double-layered membrane surrounding each lung peritoneum - -double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs functions of the skeletal system - -support and movement, encasement and protection, hemopoiesis, lipid storage, mineral balance and storage osteoclasts - -break down and absorb old bone osteoblasts - -build/deposit new bone by secreting osteoid (liquid bone before hardening) osteocytes - -osteoblasts that become trapped int he osteoid, maintain bone quality bone remodeling - -continuous process of turning over bone through lifetime, resorption - osteoclasts destroy old bone, deposition - osteoblasts make new bone flat bones - -spongy bone between 2 layers of compact bone, skull bones ribs, sternum irregular bones - -complex, irregularly shaped bones, vertebrae, facial bones sesamoid bones - -bones that develop within a muscle tendon, variable in number, patella, base of thumb, base of big toe short bones - -box like, as wide as they are tall, thin shell of compact bone surrounding spongy bones, wrist bones and tarsals long bones - -longer than they are wide, limb bones, tubular, humerus, femur ANTR350 ANTR350 diaphysis - -shaft of long bone epiphysis - -proximal and distal ends, spongy bone in adults periostium - -fiberous connective tissue that covers the bone medullary cavity - -cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow endosteum - -membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone compact bone - -outer shell of bone, solid and dense, made of osteons spongy bone - -porous, deep, holds red bone marrow endochondral ossification - -replacement of cartilage with bone in all bones but skull intramembranous ossification - -process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue in skull 6 major steps of endochondral ossification - -1. fetal hyaline cartilage model forms 2. cartilage calcifies and bone collar forms around diaphysis 3. primary ossification center forms inside diaphysis 4. secondary ossification centers form inside epiphyses 5. bone replaces cartilage as diaphysis grows in length epiphyseal places are open 6. epiphyseal plates close-growth is complete primary ossification center - -in the diaphysis secondary ossification center - -in epiphyses 4 steps of bone fracture repair - -1. hematoma forms around fracture 2. soft callus forms 3. hard callus forms 4. hard callus is remodeled osteoporosis - -pathological loss of bone density that results in fractures, can predispose to hip fractures and wedge fractures of vertebra bony depression - -imprint in bone, where muscles, tendons, blood vessels, or nerves rest bony opening - -where bv and nerve pass through bones to travel through the body articulating surfaces - -where bones touch each other to form joints projections - -where muscles and ligaments attach to bones tubercle - -medium size projection ANTR350 ANTR350 fossa - -depression foramen - -hole head - -ball of ball and socket joint process - -bone features that stick out groove or sulcus - -narrow, shallow depression canal - -tunnel fissure - -long, narrow slit crest - -sharp ridge trochanter - -largest projection spine - -sharp point sinus - -hollow space line - -raised, narrow surface epicondyle - -bump near a joint condyle - -rounded surfaces facet - -flat surfaces axial skeleton - -head, neck, trunk facial bones - -maxilla, palatine, nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible cranial bones - -frontal, parietals, temporals, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid paired bones - -parietals, temporals, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae unpaired bones - -vomer and mandible frontal bone - -unpaired, supraorbital notch/foramen and supercillary arch supraorbital notch/foramen - - ANTR350 ANTR350 supercillary arch - - temporal bone - - sphenoid bone - -butterfly shapes, connects cranium to face, forms posterior eye orbit, superior orbital fissure, optic canal superior orbital fissure - - optic canal - - ehtmoid bone - -contributes to eye orbit and nasal cavity perpendicular plate of ethmoid - - lacrimal bone - -forms medial wall of eye orbit zygomatic bone - -forms lateral walls of eye orbit, bridge of bone that protects deeper structures of the face, cheek bones infraorbital foramen of maxilla - - vomer - -plow shaped, posterior part of bony nasal septum inferior nasal concha - -found on lateral walls of nasal cavity styloid process - -narrow, sharp external acoustic meatus - -opening for external ear mastoid process - -wide projection sphenoid lateral view - -only greater wing portion visible greater wing of sphenoid - - zygomatic bone lateral view - - lacrimal bone lateral view - - ethmoid bone lateral view - -only a small part visible maxilla lateral view - -floor of eye orbit, roof of mouth, hold upper teeth mandible lateral view - -holds lower teeth, only articulates with the temporal bone (TMJ) ANTR350 ANTR350 mental foramen - - body of mandible - - zygomatic arch lateral view - - coronal suture - -the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull squamous suture - -Between parietal and temporal bones lambdoid suture - -between parietal bones and occipital bone pterion lateral view - -where temporal, sphenoid, parietal, and frontal bones meet occipital bone inferior view - - external occipital protuberance - - foramen magnum - - occipital condyles - -articulate with first cervical vertebra hypoglossal canal - - jugular foramen - - temporal bone inferior view - - mastoid process inferior view - - styloid process inferior view - - stylomastoid foramen inferior view - - carotid canal inferior view - - mandibular fossa inferior view - - sphenoid bone inferior view - - foramen ovale inferior view - - foramen spinosum inferior view - - pterygoid plates inferior view - - ANTR350 ANTR350 maxilla inferior view - - zygomatic bone inferior view - - palatine bone inferior view - - vomer inferior view - - frontal bone superior view - - ethmoid bone superior view - - crista galli superior view - - cribriform plate superior view - - sphenoid bone superior view - - lesser wing superior view - - greater wing superior view - - optic canal superior view - - foramen rotundum superior view - - foramen ovale superior view - - foramen spinosum superior view - - sella turcica superior view - - temporal bone superior view - - petrous part superior view - - internal acoustic meatus superior view - - occipital bone superior view - - hypoglossal canal superior view - - jugular foramen superior view - - frontal sinus mid sagittal view - - ANTR350 ANTR350 temporal bone mid sagittal view - - internal acoustic meatus mid sagittal view - - ethmoid mid sagittal view - - crista galli mid sagittal view - - perpendicular plate mid sagittal view - - vomer mid sagittal view - - sphenoid mid sagittal view - - sphenoidal sinus - - sella turcica mid sagittal view - - 7 bones of eye orbit - -sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, palatine bones that contain paranasal sinuses - -frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid trauma to pterion region - -middle meningeal artery passes below can be ruptured, vulnerable to fractures, can cause epidural hematoma 5 regions of vertebral column and how they are numbered - -cervical 1-7, thoracic 1-12, lumbar 1-5, sacral (5 fused bones), coccygeal (4 fused segments) primary curvature - -anterior, thoracic and sacral secondary curvature - -posterior, cervical and lumbar kyphosis - -hunchback, excessive anterior curvature lordosis - -swayback, excessive posterior curvature scoliosis - -excessive lateral curvature, typically associated with some rotation superior costal facets - -thoracic vertebrae only; articulate with the head of ribs body of vertebra - -solid anterior portion of a vertebra inferior costal facets - -thoracic vertebrae only; articulate with the tubercle of ribs spinous process - -sharp, slender projection posteriorly ANTR350 ANTR350 transverse process - -two lateral projections from the vertebral arch transverse costal facet - - pedicle - -a supporting column or stalk lamina - - superior articular facet - - vertebral foramen - -canal through which spinal cord passes intervertebral disc - -mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae cervical features - -bifid spinous process, small bodies, transverse foramina in transverse processes (passage of vertebral artery) thoracic features - -articulate with the ribs, costal facets present on bodies and transverse processes, long spinous processes point inferiorly, long transverse processes lumbar vertebrae - -large kidney bean bodies, broad blunt, spinous process point posteriorly, short transverse processes, superior and inferior articulating processes curve medially bony openings that transmit the vertebral artery - -transverse foramina atlas - -no vertebral body, ring shaped, articulates with occipital condyles, allows to say yes posterior arch of atlas - - anterior arch of atlas - - transverse process of atlas - - transverse foramina of atlas - - axis - -second cervical vertebra, dens, articulates with C1, allows for rotation of head on neck, say no dens of axis - -projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas and is the pivot for the rotation of the atlas spinous process of axis - - ANTR350 ANTR350 transverse process of axis - - transverse foramina of axis - - superior articular process of axis - - C7 - -last cervical vertebra, spinous process is very long, pointed, not bifid, can feel and see on back of neck differences between C,T, and L vertebra - - suprasternal notch - -hollow U-shaped depression just above the sternum, in between the clavicles costal cartilage - -connects ribs to sternum true ribs - -first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum false ribs - -ribs 8-10 attach to sternum by costal cartilage of rib 7 floating ribs - -last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum head of rib - -articulates with vertebral body neck of rib - - tubercle of rib - -articulates with transverse process angle of rib - - costal groove of rib - -contains intercostal nerves and vessels sternal end of rib - -junction with costal cartilage hyoid bone function and location - -does not articulate with any other bone, front of the neck just below the jaw, muscle attachment spinal nerve location in vertebra - -intervertebral foramina where they exit spinal cord location in vertebra - -vertebral foramen bones that make up the pectoral girdle - -clavicle and scapula clavicle - -s shaped, prone to fracture at curve, most is palpable scapula - -triangular bone in posterior upper thorax ANTR350 ANTR350 medial border of scapula - - lateral border of scapula - - superior angle of scapula - - inferior angle of scapula - - spine of scapula - - coracoid process of scapula - - acromion process of scapula - - supraspinous fossa of scapula - - infraspinous fossa of scapula - - subscapular fossa of scapula - - glenoid cavity of scapula - - what parts of the scapula forms a roof over the humerus - -acromion head of humerus - -covered in articular cartilage anatomical neck of humerus - - surgical neck of humerus - -common site of fracture greater tubercle of humerus - - lesser tubercle of humerus - - intertubercular groove of humerus - - medial epicondyle of humerus - - lateral epicondyle of humerus - - capitulum of humerus - - trochlea of humerus - - radial groove of humerus - - ANTR350 ANTR350 deltoid tuberosity of humerus - - olecranon fossa of humerus - - coronoid fossa of humerus - - ulna - -medial bone of the forearm, underneath radius - -lateral bone of the forearm head of radius - - radial tuberosity - - styloid process of radius - - trochlear notch - - olecranon process - - coronoid process - - ulnar tuberosity - - styloid process of ulna - - head of ulna - - 3 categories of hand bones - -proximal to distal: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges number of each hand bones - -8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges carpal bones - -palm location, proximal row includes scaphoid metacarpals I-V or 1-5 - -long bones, palpate on posterior hand carpel tunnel structure - -passageway from the wrist to the hand, made of tendons, ligaments and bones, median nerve passes through the tunnel and provides sensation to your thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring finger. palpable structures of sternoclavicular joint - -bony part on either side of the sternal notch palpable structures of coracoid process - -anterior bony part of shoulder ANTR350 ANTR350 palpable structure of acromion process - -superior part of shoulder palpable structures of greater tubercle - -posteriolateral aspect of the shoulder palpable structures of medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus - -medial bony part of "elbow" palpable structures of olecranon - -"elbow" point "wri palpable structures of styloid processes of ulna and radius - -"wrist" bones palpable structures of scaphoid - -palm of the hand 4 similarities of upper and lower limb bones - -girdle, number and distribution of bones, small bones of foot and hand, bony processes bones that form the pelvic girdle - -right and left coxal bones 3 bony regions that form coxal bone - -ilium, ischium, pubis ilium - -largest, superior ischium - -inferior, posterior iliac fossa - -large depression on medial surface of the ilium pubis - -smallest, inferior, anterior auricular surface - -small ear shaped surface on medial surface of ilium acetabulum - - iliac crest - -hands on hips, palpable ASIS - -palpable AIIS - - PSIS - - PIIS - - gluteal surface - - greater sciatic notch - - ANTR350 ANTR350 ischial spine - - ischial tuberosity - -contacts seat when sitting, palpable articular surface for pubic symphysis medial view - - articular surface for pubic symphysis lateral view - -where L and R coxal bones come together obturator foramen - - major proximal bony features of femur - -head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter major distal bony features of femur - -meidal and lateral epicondyles, medial and lateral condyles, patellar surface prominent posterior ridge of bone on posterior femur - -linea aspera, vertical ridge of bone, an important attachment area head of femur - - neck of femur - - greater trochanter of femur - -lateral, large lesser trochanter of femur - -medial, smaller intertrochanteric line of femur - -small ridge between the two trochanters on the anterior surface (for attachment of the iliofemoral ligament) shaft of femur - - medial epicondyle of femur - -palpable lateral epicondyle of femur - -palpable patellar surface of femur - -in between condyles, anterior femur medial condyle of femur - -large, round, most distal lateral condyle of femur - -large, round, most distal intercondylar fossa of femur - -deep depression located between the condyles and beneath the popliteal surface ANTR350 ANTR350 patella - -knee cap bone, triangular shape, fits into the patellar surface of the femur tibia - -medial, shin bone, large bone, exposed shaft fibula - -lateral, thin, bears little weight, supports ankle major proximal bony feature of tibia - -medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, soleal line medial condyle of the tibia - -proximal lateral condyle of the tibia - -proximal tibial tuberosity - -anterior, palpable projection major distal bony feature of the tibia at ankle - -medial malleolus head of fibula - -proximal, palpable major distal bony feature of fibula at ankle - -lateral malleolus lateral malleolus - -palpable ankle bump intercondylar eminence - -irregular projection located between the two condyles soleal line - -posterior medial malleolus - -palpable, medial ankle bump anterior crest - -shin talus - -talon number of tarsals in one foot - -7 number of metatarsals in one foot - -5 number of bones in phalanges in one foot - -14 calcaneus - -heel bone pollex to hallux in anatomical position - -pollex is lateral and hallux is medial palpable structure of iliac crest - -hip bone that we can feel palpable structure of ASIS - -follow hip bone down and anteriorly ANTR350 ANTR350 palpable structure of ischial tuberosity - -when sitting the bone that you can feel palpable structure of medial and lateral epicondyles of femur - -either side of knee palpable structure of patella - -knee cap palpable structure of tibial tuberosity - -anterior, just below the knee cap palpable structures of anterior border of tibia - -shin palpable structure of head of the fibula - -lateral side of the leg just below the knee palpable structure of medial and lateral malleoli - -make up "ankle" bones articulation - -joint, where two or more bones touch each other articulate - -where bones touch relationship between joint stability and joint mobility - -the more stable a joint is the less mobile it is difference between functional classifications of joints and structural classification of joints - -functional is the amount of movement allowed, and structure is what type of connective tissue holds the joint functional joints - -synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis structural joints - -fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial synarthrosis - -no movement, very stable and strong, held close to one another by cartilage or fibrous CT, ex: cranial sutures amphiarthrosis - -between no movement and free movement, small amount of movement, ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints diarthrosis - -allow for free movement, ex: all major joints, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, all synovial joints are diarthrodial joints fibrous - -bones are held together by fibrous CT, mostly synarthrodial, ex: cranial sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses syndesmoses - -sheet of CT between 2 parallel bones, ex: radius and ulna, tibia and fibula gomphoses - -between tooth and bony socket, ex: hold teeth in sockets ANTR350 ANTR350 cartilaginous - -bones are held together by cartilage, synchondrosis and symphysis synchondrosis - -primary cartilaginous, ex: epiphyseal plates in growing bones, do not move, very strong, united by hyaline cartilage symphysis - -secondary cartilaginous, ex: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints, united by fibrocartilage (disc), amphiarthrodial joints, small amount of movement synovial - -diarthrodial joints, allow for free movement, most comon type of joint, has joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, articulating cartilage types of synovial joints - -ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding ball and socket - -shoulder, hip hinge - -elbow, knee pivot - -atlantoaxial plane (gliding) - -acromioclavicular, zygaphoyseal (facet), costovertebral abduction - -movement away from midline, raising arm adduction - -movement toward the midline, putting arm towards side flexion - -decreases joint angle, ex bending elbow, bending over extension - -increases joint angle, straightening elbow, doing back bend pronation - -forearm bones cross, palm faces backward supination - -forearm bones parallel, palms face forward rotation - -around a longitudinal axis, axial skeleton, rotate to left or right, turning head TMJ - -synovial joint, diarthrodial joint, between mandibular fossa of temporal bone and mandibular condyle (head of mandible), allows you to open and close your mouth atlantooccipital - -attaches skull to vertebral column, between occipital condyles, superior articular facets of C1, nodding yes, flexion and extension atlantoaxial - -between C1 and C2, 3 joints medial between anterior arch of C1 and dens of C2, lateral (R and L), allows for rotation of head, shaking no ANTR350 ANTR350 zygopophyseal (facet) - -between superior articulating processes, inferior articulating processes, paired joints, first between C2/3 continuing to L5/S1, motions vary, cervical - flexion/extension, thoracic - rotation, lumbar - flexion/extension intervertebral disc joint - -symphysis, amphiarthrodial, between adjacent vertebral bodies from C2/3 to L5/S1, absorb shock, sllow for flexion/extension, lateral flexion, united by intervertebral disc intervertebral disc - -nucleus pulposus (inner layer, gelatinous) and annulus fibrosus (outler layer, fibrocartilage) atlas anterior arch - -Part of atlas that articulates with dens of axis. ligaments that stabilize the spine - -ALL and PLL attach to all of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc joints to support the vertebral column ALL - -prevents hyperextension of VC PLL - -prevents hyperflexion of the VC whiplash - -hyperextension or hyperflexion of vertebral column herniated disc - -severe or unexpected compression of intervertebral disc, nucleus pulposus bulges out of the annulus fibrosis, commonly posteriolaterally because of strong PLL, leads to compression of adjacent spinal nerve, resulting in severe back or leg pain (sciatica) costovertebral - -between head of ribs and vertebral body, synovial/diarthrodial costotransverse - -between tubercle of ribs and transverse processes, synovial/diarthrodial manubriosternal - -between manubrium and sternal body, marks sternal angle,symphysis/amphiarthrodial sternocostal - -between costal cartilages and sternum, synchondrosis/amphiarthrodial, synovial/diarthrodial costochondral - -between rib bones and costal cartilage of ribs 1-7 sternal angle - -marks attachment of rib 2, landmark for listening to heart valves, location of transverse thoracic plane, marks aortic arch and trachea bifurcation ligament on synovial joint - -Connects bone to bone ANTR350 ANTR350 joint capsule of synovial joint - -The inner surfaces are lined with the synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid to reduce friction of a joint synovial membrane - -membrane lining the capsule of a joint joint cavity of synovial joint - -contains synovial fluid articular cartilage of synovial joint - -hyaline cartilage covers, but doesn't join articular surfaces, reduces friction, absorbs shock first sternocostal joint - -costal cartilage of the first rib and manubrium acromioclavicular joint - -AC joint, between acromion process of scapula and acromial end of clavicle acromioclavicular ligament - -connects acromion of scapula to clavicle coracoclavicular ligaments - -coracoid process of scapula to clavicle coracoacromial ligaments - -extending between the coracoid process and the acromion coracohumeral ligament - -Connects head of humerus to the coracoid process glenohumeral ligaments - -three ligamentous bands (superior, middle, inferior) that reinforce the joint capsule, anteriorly, provide limited amount of support subdeltoid bursa - -below the deltoid muscle, reduce friction during motion to enhance mobility subacromial bursa - -below the acromion process, reduce friction during motion to enhance mobility lateral epicondyle of femur - -attachment of LCL tibiofemoral joint - -medial and lateral condyles of the tibia, lateral and medial condyles of femur ACL - -in the knee joint, for support, runs diagonally between femur and tibia, attaches at the intracondylar fossa of the femur and intracondylar eminence of the tibia, prevents anterior movement of tibia relative to femur, prevents hyperextension, commonly torn, smaller and thinner PCL - -in the knee joint, for support, runs diagonally between femu and tibia, attaches at the intracondylar fossa of the femur and intracondylar eminence of the tibia, prevents posterior movement of tibia relative to femur, prevents hyperflexion ANTR350 ANTR350 fibular (lateral) collateral ligament - -attached to lateral epicondyle and head of the fibula, limits lateral knee motion tibial (medial) collateral ligament - -attached to medial epicondyle and head of proximal tibia, limits medial knee motion medial meniscus - -decrease impact, modify tibia shape because the tibiofemoral articulating surfaces being round and flat aren't a good fit, fibrocartilage pad, attached superiorly on the tibia condyles, wedge shaped lateral meniscus - -decrease impact, modify tibia shape because the tibiofemoral articulating surfaces being round and flat aren't a good fit, fibrocartilage pad, attached superiorly on the tibia condyles, wedge shaped quadriceps tendon patellofemoral joint - -encases the patella patellar ligament patellofemoral joint - -connects the patella to the tibia structural and functional classification for all upper limb joints - -diarthrodial and synovial sternoclavicular joint - -between the manubrium of the sternum and sternal end of the clavicle, connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton, strong stable joint, considerable elevation action dislocation of acromioclaviular joint - -shoulder separation, tear of AC ligament, hard blow or direct impact, (severe = tear of CC ligaments) scapulothoracic joint - -not a true joint, no bone to bone articulation, scapula held in place by muscles in the thorax (serratus anterior), movement of the scapula against the posterior thorax 6 motions 6 motions of the scapulothoracic joint - -elevation (shrug/upward), depression (down/sigh), protraction (away from vertebrae/anterior), retraction (closer to the vertebrae/posterior), upward rotation (glenoid fossa up, arms up), downward rotation (glenoid fossa down, pull up) 7 actions at glenohumeral joint - -flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation motions of 2 other joints that permit full range of motion of the glenohumeral joint - elevation of sternoclavicular joint and upward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint relation between mobility and stability in glenohumeral joint - -highly mobile and unstable ANTR350 ANTR350 consequences of the mismatch in size of head of humerus and glenoid fossa - -fossa is small and shallow, head of humerus is 3x larger, not a good fit glenoid labrum - -a rim of fibrocartilage, deepen the glenoid fossa rotator cuff muscles - -stabilize the shoulder joint, msucles and their tendons (muscle to bone connection), surrounds the joint anterior, posterior, superior, no support in inferior region, common injury, weak, this is the strongest support structure for the shoulder joint shoulder ligaments - -coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, flenohumeral ligament, stabilize the joint, provide a limited amount of support shoulder bursa - -subacromial bursa, subdeltoid bursa,fluid filled sacs, reduces friction during motion to enhance mobility region of glenohumeral joint that is most vulnerable to dislocation - -anterior part of the shoulder, least amount of support from ligaments and muscles 2 joints of the elbow - -radiohumeral joint and ulnohumeral joint radiohumeral joint - -lateral joint, head of radius and capitulum of humerus ulnohumeral joint - -medial joint, trochlear notch of ulna, trochlea of humerus, very tight fit, inury not very common 2 actions of elbow joint - -flexion (bend elbow) and extension (straightening elbow), strong joint capsule 2 radioulnar joints - -proximal and distal proximal radioulnar joint - -head of radius and radial notch of ulna istal radioulnar joint - -near wrist, head of ulna, ulnar notch of radius actions at joints - -supination and pronation position of forearm bones in pronated - -crossed position of forearm bones in supinated - -parallel movement of head of radius during supination and pronation - -head spins in the radial notch and distal radius rolls over the head of the ulna radio carpal joint - -between distal radius and proximal row or carpal bones, doesn't include the ulna ANTR350 ANTR350 actions of radiocarpal joint - -flexion, extension, abduction (radial deviation), adduction (ulnar deviation), circumduction forearm bones involved in wrist fracture - -radius, scaphoid most likely scenario leading to wrist fracture - -falling onto outstretched limb or hand colles fracture - -fracture of distal radius, wrist extended, posterior fracture direction MCP joint - -metacarpophalangeal joint, knuckles PIP joint - -proximal interphalangeal joint DIP joint - -distal interphalangeal joint 2 actions of interphalangeal joints - -flexion and extension SI joint - -between auricular surface of the ilium and sacrum, attaches pelvic girdle to axial skeleton, synovial, diarthrodial joint, gliding joint with minimal movement pubic sumphysis - -between R and L hip at pubic region, cartilagenous pad, cartilagenous, symphysis, amphiarthrodial joint, fliding motion, mobility increases in late pregnancy hip joint - -ball and socket, between acetabulum and head of femur, deep acetabulum, deepend by labrum, synovial/diarthrodial joint, 7 actions actions at hip joint - -flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction major support structures of the hip joint - -strong ligaments surrounding the capsule, gluteus medius hip joint ligaments - -iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament anatomical location of a hip fracture and primary cause - -fracture of femoral neck, more likely than dislocation (anatomical and surgical neck) mobility and stability of hip joint compared to shoulder - -very stable, less mobile support structures hip vs shoulder - -hip has more support structures than shoulder fit of ball and socket hip and shoulder - -shoulder not a good fit, hip very deep, good fit ANTR350 ANTR350 range of motion and stability hip vs shoulder - -shoulder greater range of motion, less stability, hip less range of motion, greater stability degrees of freedom of hip and shoulder - -same common injuries for both - -hip: fracture shoulder: dislocation 2 joints of knee - -patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint which bones is sesamoid bone and how its held in place - -patella, encased in tendon 2 major actions at knee - -flexion and extension 4 categories of knee joint support structures - -meniscus, cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, quadriceps muscle intercondylar eminence - - intercondylar fossa - - patellofemoral joint - -posterior patella articulates with patellar surface of femur talocrural joint - -fibula and tibia (medial and lateral malleolus) form socket for talus, tight fitting joint in anatomcial position, fit changes during plantarflexion talocrural joint actions - -plantarflexion and dorsiflexion subatalar joint - -joint below talus, between talus and calcaneous, gliding joint actions of subtalar joint - -inversion and exversion 3 major ligaments that stabilize the ankle - -lateral ligament, distal tibiofibular ligaments, deltoid ligament ankle - -most commonly sprained joint in the body, sprain - tears in ligament fibers distal tibiofibular ligament - -reinforces laterally, between distal tibia and fibula, high ankle sprains involve the tibiofibular ligament, less common than lateral ligament sprain, associated with long recovery deltoid ligament - -reinforces medially, between medial malleolus and tarsals, thick and strong, injuries: eversion ankle sprains, rarely, stepped on or crushed, more likely to tear away the medial malleolus ANTR350 ANTR350 lateral ligament - -reinforces joint laterally, between lateral malleolus to talus and calcaneous, weak, thin, injuries: overinversion, includes talofibular ligament (most vulnerable) midfoot - -remaining tarsal bones forefoot - -metatarsals and phalanges MTPs - -metatarsophalangeal joints 2 primary actions of interphalangeal joints of toes - -flexion and extension