PUBH 6012 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What are input costs? - Answer-something the supplier needs in order to make the
product; depends on whether not the supplier can pass on the cost to the consumers
How does the number of sellers influence supply? - Answer-As number of sellers
increases, you will have an increase in supply until the market reaches saturation
How does change in technology influence supply? - Answer-Can affect the supply in
multiple ways:
- If a newer, cheaper, more efficient technology comes out than it will decrease supply
of the old product
- On the other hand, there might be other technologies that are more specific, such as
3D mammograms. Those are only supposed to be used in certain situations. So the old
technology, your standard mammogram, is still well used. And then a certain segment
of the population might need the new technology.
What is an ideal market? - Answer-one that most efficiently allocates resources
it occurs in a perfectly competitive market
What factors go toward a perfectly competitive market? - Answer-- goods offered by
sellers are largely the same
- many buyers and sellers (price takers)
- all resources are mobile
- firms can freely enter and leave the market
- no government involvement
What kind of market is the health care market? - Answer-The health care market is
going to be fairly far from a perfectly competitive market in a variety of ways
When does a market failure occur? - Answer-when resources are not allocated
efficiently
What are reasons for market failures? - Answer-- imperfect information
,- concentration of market power>fewer sellers = more concentrated
- consumption of public goods
- presence of externalities
What are public goods? - Answer-goods that are non rival (more than one person can
enjoy simultaneously) and non exclusive (impossible or too costly to exclude individuals
from enjoying the good)
(IE lighthouses and national defense)
What is one problem that can arise with consumption of public goods? - Answer-it can
lead to free riders --> individuals who don't pay for the goods/services they're using
this can also lead to underproduction of desired goods
What are externalities? - Answer-Positive or negative impacts that occur when one
person's actions create a benefit of imposing a cost on others
Ex.: herd immunity (+), mosquito abatement (+), hazardous waste disposal (-), pollution
(-)
What can result from externalities - Answer-it can lead to underproduction or
overproduction of goods from society's perspective
this can lead to not having an efficient allocation of resources --> market failure
What are some ways government can intervene when market failure occurs? - Answer--
directly provide goods
- finances provision of goods- taxes/subsidies to incentivize manufacturers
- mandates
- prohibitions
- controls on market entry (i.e., licensure, certification, drug approvals, etc.)
Describe population health as a driving health system comprising health care, public
health, and related social services: - Answer-Refers to the health outcomes of a group
of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
It includes health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies &
interventions that link these two
Describe the need for intersectional work to advance health, with a particular emphasis
on the role of public health: - Answer-PH encompasses population health, but often is
limited to the role of a government entity in addressing health and health-related needs;
, therefore, there is a need for intersectional work with various different sectors to achieve
public health goals.
What is the role of public health? - Answer-to protect and prevent
protect - from things we don't have control of
prevent - helping us make healthier choices and making sure that we are aware of what
we need to do to be as healthy as possible
What are the core public health functions? - Answer-assessment, policy development,
assurance
When it comes to the core functions of public health, what is meant by assessment? -
Answer-assess/evaluate what is going on in a community and what social factors are
affecting health
obtaining data that define the health of the overall population and specific groups within
the population, including defining the nature of new and persisting health problems
When it comes to the core functions of public health, what is meant by policy
development? - Answer-identifying programs and policies that can make a difference
- developing evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options, such as
health policy analysis, to guide implementation, including efforts to educate and
mobilize community partnerships
When it comes to the core functions of public health, what is meant by assurance? -
Answer-PH has a role/responsibility in community to assure people get the services
they need
- governmental PH's oversight responsibility for ensuring that key components of an
effective health system, including health care and PH, are in place even though the
implementation will often be performed by others
What are the 10 essential PH services? - Answer-1. Monitor health
2. Diagnose and investigate
3. Inform, educate, empower
4. Mobilize community partnerships
5. Develop policies
6. Enforce laws
7. Link to/provide care
8. Assure competent workforce
9. Evaluate
10. Research
ANSWERS
What are input costs? - Answer-something the supplier needs in order to make the
product; depends on whether not the supplier can pass on the cost to the consumers
How does the number of sellers influence supply? - Answer-As number of sellers
increases, you will have an increase in supply until the market reaches saturation
How does change in technology influence supply? - Answer-Can affect the supply in
multiple ways:
- If a newer, cheaper, more efficient technology comes out than it will decrease supply
of the old product
- On the other hand, there might be other technologies that are more specific, such as
3D mammograms. Those are only supposed to be used in certain situations. So the old
technology, your standard mammogram, is still well used. And then a certain segment
of the population might need the new technology.
What is an ideal market? - Answer-one that most efficiently allocates resources
it occurs in a perfectly competitive market
What factors go toward a perfectly competitive market? - Answer-- goods offered by
sellers are largely the same
- many buyers and sellers (price takers)
- all resources are mobile
- firms can freely enter and leave the market
- no government involvement
What kind of market is the health care market? - Answer-The health care market is
going to be fairly far from a perfectly competitive market in a variety of ways
When does a market failure occur? - Answer-when resources are not allocated
efficiently
What are reasons for market failures? - Answer-- imperfect information
,- concentration of market power>fewer sellers = more concentrated
- consumption of public goods
- presence of externalities
What are public goods? - Answer-goods that are non rival (more than one person can
enjoy simultaneously) and non exclusive (impossible or too costly to exclude individuals
from enjoying the good)
(IE lighthouses and national defense)
What is one problem that can arise with consumption of public goods? - Answer-it can
lead to free riders --> individuals who don't pay for the goods/services they're using
this can also lead to underproduction of desired goods
What are externalities? - Answer-Positive or negative impacts that occur when one
person's actions create a benefit of imposing a cost on others
Ex.: herd immunity (+), mosquito abatement (+), hazardous waste disposal (-), pollution
(-)
What can result from externalities - Answer-it can lead to underproduction or
overproduction of goods from society's perspective
this can lead to not having an efficient allocation of resources --> market failure
What are some ways government can intervene when market failure occurs? - Answer--
directly provide goods
- finances provision of goods- taxes/subsidies to incentivize manufacturers
- mandates
- prohibitions
- controls on market entry (i.e., licensure, certification, drug approvals, etc.)
Describe population health as a driving health system comprising health care, public
health, and related social services: - Answer-Refers to the health outcomes of a group
of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
It includes health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies &
interventions that link these two
Describe the need for intersectional work to advance health, with a particular emphasis
on the role of public health: - Answer-PH encompasses population health, but often is
limited to the role of a government entity in addressing health and health-related needs;
, therefore, there is a need for intersectional work with various different sectors to achieve
public health goals.
What is the role of public health? - Answer-to protect and prevent
protect - from things we don't have control of
prevent - helping us make healthier choices and making sure that we are aware of what
we need to do to be as healthy as possible
What are the core public health functions? - Answer-assessment, policy development,
assurance
When it comes to the core functions of public health, what is meant by assessment? -
Answer-assess/evaluate what is going on in a community and what social factors are
affecting health
obtaining data that define the health of the overall population and specific groups within
the population, including defining the nature of new and persisting health problems
When it comes to the core functions of public health, what is meant by policy
development? - Answer-identifying programs and policies that can make a difference
- developing evidence-based recommendations and other analyses of options, such as
health policy analysis, to guide implementation, including efforts to educate and
mobilize community partnerships
When it comes to the core functions of public health, what is meant by assurance? -
Answer-PH has a role/responsibility in community to assure people get the services
they need
- governmental PH's oversight responsibility for ensuring that key components of an
effective health system, including health care and PH, are in place even though the
implementation will often be performed by others
What are the 10 essential PH services? - Answer-1. Monitor health
2. Diagnose and investigate
3. Inform, educate, empower
4. Mobilize community partnerships
5. Develop policies
6. Enforce laws
7. Link to/provide care
8. Assure competent workforce
9. Evaluate
10. Research
