independent variable - ✔what the researcher manipulates; the "factor"
dependent variable - ✔what the researcher measures
operational definitions - ✔a definition of a concept or variables in terms of precisely
described operations, measures, and procedures
control variables - ✔variables held constant or equated across groups or conditions
random selection - ✔each member of a group stands an equal chance of being chosen
as a participant in the study
simple random assignment - ✔use of chance procedures so that each participant is
equally likely to be in any condition
blocked random assignment - ✔-procedure used in between-subjects design for random
assignment and equal # of participants per condition
-ensures that a conditions has a participant assigned to it before adding another
what is a confound? - ✔something else besides the IV which systematically varies
across groups
what are extraneous variables? - ✔variables not of interest but (if left free to vary) could
affect the results
what are the three characteristics of a true experiment? - ✔manipulation: researcher
determines what each participant receives and when
comparison: treatment of interest contrasted with a reference group or condition
control: minimize or eliminate influence of extraneous variables
posttest only design - ✔-has two groups
-uses a post-only measure
-has two distributions (measures), each with an average and variation
-assess treatment effect = statistical (i.e., non-chance) difference between the groups
-no independent variable
pre-post (before-after) design - ✔-no independent variable
-uses two groups (one treatment and one control)
-test before and after the condition has been administered
-both undergo exactly the same tests
-has issues with history
pre-post design with nonequivalent control group (quasi experiment) - ✔-two groups that
are not randomly assigned to the conditions
dependent variable - ✔what the researcher measures
operational definitions - ✔a definition of a concept or variables in terms of precisely
described operations, measures, and procedures
control variables - ✔variables held constant or equated across groups or conditions
random selection - ✔each member of a group stands an equal chance of being chosen
as a participant in the study
simple random assignment - ✔use of chance procedures so that each participant is
equally likely to be in any condition
blocked random assignment - ✔-procedure used in between-subjects design for random
assignment and equal # of participants per condition
-ensures that a conditions has a participant assigned to it before adding another
what is a confound? - ✔something else besides the IV which systematically varies
across groups
what are extraneous variables? - ✔variables not of interest but (if left free to vary) could
affect the results
what are the three characteristics of a true experiment? - ✔manipulation: researcher
determines what each participant receives and when
comparison: treatment of interest contrasted with a reference group or condition
control: minimize or eliminate influence of extraneous variables
posttest only design - ✔-has two groups
-uses a post-only measure
-has two distributions (measures), each with an average and variation
-assess treatment effect = statistical (i.e., non-chance) difference between the groups
-no independent variable
pre-post (before-after) design - ✔-no independent variable
-uses two groups (one treatment and one control)
-test before and after the condition has been administered
-both undergo exactly the same tests
-has issues with history
pre-post design with nonequivalent control group (quasi experiment) - ✔-two groups that
are not randomly assigned to the conditions
